Blida history

The history of Blida, known as the "City of Roses," dates back to the 16th century and is closely linked to the cultural and political events of the Mediterranean at that time. The city emerged on the fertile Mitidja plain, at the foot of the Tell Atlas mountains, which predetermined its future development.

Foundation and First Mentions

According to historical traditions, Blida was founded in the 16th century. A key role in its establishment was played by the Marabout (Islamic saint) Sidi Ahmed El-Kebir. According to legend, it was he who organized a settlement here for Andalusian Muslims (Moors) who were forced to leave Spain. The name of the city comes from the Arabic word "Boulaida," which is a diminutive form of "Belda" (city), translating to "little city."

Key Factors of Establishment

Blida's prosperity was driven by several important factors:

• Geographical Location: Its position in a fertile valley, protected by mountains, created ideal conditions for agriculture.
• Water Resources: Proximity to the Oued El-Kebir river provided the city with water for irrigating numerous gardens and powered water mills.
• Trade: During the Ottoman period, Blida became an important trading hub, known for its agricultural produce, particularly citrus fruits and flour.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

From the very beginning, Blida formed as an agrarian and religious center. Settlers from Andalusia brought with them advanced irrigation and gardening methods for that time, which allowed the city's surroundings to be transformed into a blooming oasis. The city became famous for its orange groves, gardens, and flowers. Furthermore, Blida gained significance as a place of visitation due to the tomb of its founder, Sidi Ahmed El-Kebir, attracting believers from various regions.

Key Milestones in Blida's History

The history of Blida, the "City of Roses," is rich with events reflecting the cultural and political changes in the region over the centuries. From the Ottoman period to Algeria gaining independence, the city has repeatedly changed its appearance while maintaining its significance.

• 16th Century: Founding of the city by the Marabout Sidi Ahmed El-Kebir, who organized a settlement here for Andalusian Muslims fleeing Spain.
• 17th–18th Centuries: During the Ottoman period, Blida becomes a prosperous agricultural and trading center, renowned for its orange groves, flowers, and water mills.
• 2 March 1825: A powerful earthquake almost completely destroys the city, leading to significant casualties and the loss of many historical structures.
• 1830s: With the beginning of the French colonization of Algeria, Blida becomes a center of resistance, but after several attempts, it finally falls under the control of French troops in 1839.
• Mid-19th Century: The city is rebuilt according to a European model with straight streets and squares, becoming an important French garrison and administrative center.
• 2 January 1867: Blida is again shaken by a strong earthquake, causing serious damage to the restored buildings and infrastructure.
• 1954–1962: During the Algerian War of Independence, Blida and its surroundings (the historical Wilaya IV province) become one of the most active zones of operation for the National Liberation Front (FLN).
• 5 July 1962: Algeria proclaims independence, and Blida becomes part of the new republic, retaining its status as an important economic and cultural center of the country.
• 1980s: Founding of the University of Blida, which quickly becomes one of Algeria's leading higher education institutions and contributes to the growth of the city's scientific potential.
• March 2020: Blida becomes one of the first and main epicenters of the COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria, leading to the introduction of strict quarantine measures in the city.

Major Stages of Blida's Development

The history of Blida represents a series of transformations that have shaped its modern appearance. Key milestones reflect the economic, cultural, and urban planning changes that this Algerian "City of Roses" has undergone.

• Foundation and Agrarian Beginnings (16th Century): The city was founded by Sidi Ahmed El-Kebir for Andalusian settlers who brought advanced knowledge in irrigation. This laid the foundation for Blida's development as a thriving agricultural center specializing in the cultivation of citrus fruits and flowers.
• Flourishing in the Ottoman Period (17th–18th Centuries): Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Blida became a vital trade and craft hub. During this period, a mosque was built by order of Hayreddin Barbarossa, and the city was enclosed by a wall with six gates, highlighting its growing importance.
• French Colonization and Urban Transformation (Mid-19th Century): After the devastating earthquake of 1825 and the subsequent establishment of French control in 1839, the city was radically rebuilt. Instead of traditional buildings, a European grid layout appeared with straight streets and squares, and Blida itself turned into a major military garrison and administrative center.
• Center of National Resistance (1954–1962): During the Algerian War of Independence, Blida and its environs, part of the historical Wilaya IV, became a key center of the resistance movement. This period solidified the city's status as a symbol of the struggle for the country's sovereignty.
• Industrialization After Independence (Second half of the 20th Century): After 1962, Blida continued its economic development. The city became an important industrial center, especially in the food processing sector, which utilized the rich harvests from the fertile lands of the Mitidja plain.
• Emergence as an Educational Hub (1980s): The founding of the University of Blida was a turning point in the cultural and social life of the city. This attracted academic personnel and youth to Blida, transforming it into one of Algeria's leading educational and scientific centers.

The architectural appearance of Blida represents a unique blend of styles resulting from dramatic historical events. The urban development of the city can be divided into three key stages: pre-colonial, French colonial, and modern.

Ottoman and Andalusian Heritage (16th–Early 19th Century)

Initially, Blida, founded by Andalusian settlers with the support of the Ottoman Empire, developed as a traditional Arab city. Its layout resembled a Casbah with narrow, winding streets, courtyards, and central elements such as mosques and public baths (hammams). The architecture was dominated by the Andalusian-Moorish style brought by its founders, with elements of Ottoman influence. The city was surrounded by a wall with six gates, the names of which are still used by locals for orientation today. Unfortunately, the powerful earthquake of 1825 almost completely destroyed the old city, leaving only fragmentary evidence of this era.

French Colonial Period (1839–1962)

After the earthquake and the establishment of French control, the city was rebuilt, but on a completely different principle. This period defined the modern look of central Blida. The main features of this stage include:

• European Layout: Instead of chaotic construction, a strict grid layout was introduced with straight streets, wide boulevards, and squares, characteristic of French urban planning of that time.
• Colonial Style: Buildings were erected in the spirit of French colonial architecture, often with elements of Neoclassicism. Characteristic details included houses with arcades on the ground floors, wrought-iron balconies, and tall windows.
• Landmark Structures: The central point of the city became the Place d'Armes (today the Place of the 1st November), surrounded by administrative buildings, hotels, and cafes with arcade galleries. A large military hospital, barracks, and a theater were also built during this period, shaping the new urban landscape.

Modern Architecture (After 1962)

With Algeria gaining independence, a new stage in Blida's development began. The city started to grow actively beyond the colonial center. This period is characterized by buildings in the styles of Modernism and Functionalism. The main focus was on solving housing issues and creating social infrastructure. New residential districts with apartment blocks appeared, as well as large public facilities such as the University of Blida, the architecture of which reflects modern construction trends of the 20th century.

Distinguished Figures Associated with Blida

Throughout its history, Blida has been the birthplace and center of activity for many prominent figures in politics, science, and culture. These individuals have left a significant mark not only on the history of the city but also on the entire country.

• Sidi Ahmed El-Kebir (Religious figure, 16th century) — The revered founder of Blida. According to tradition, he organized a settlement at this location for Muslim settlers from Andalusia, laying the foundations for the future "City of Roses." His mausoleum remains an important site of visitation today.
• Victor Margueritte (1866–1942) (Writer) — A French novelist and playwright born in Blida. He is known for his social novels and active public stance, and his background influenced some of his works.
• Elissa Rhaïs (1876–1940) (Writer) — One of the notable figures in Algerian literature of the early 20th century. Born in Blida, she became famous for novels describing the life and daily routine of women in the Arab world, although her work and biography still generate interest among researchers.
• Jean Coulomb (1904–1999) (Geophysicist) — A distinguished French scientist born in Blida. He made significant contributions to the study of seismology and Earth physics, headed the French Academy of Sciences, and was one of the pioneers of space research in the country.
• Mohamed Bouras (1908–1941) (Public figure) — Founder of the "Algerian Muslim Scouts" (SMA) movement. This organization played a key role in shaping the national consciousness of Algerian youth. Bouras worked actively in Blida, where he developed his ideas.
• M'hamed Yazid (1923–2003) (Politician and diplomat) — A native of Blida and a prominent figure in the national liberation movement. He served as Minister of Information in the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA) and was a key figure in the diplomatic struggle for Algeria's independence on the international stage.
• Mahfoud Nahnah (1942–2003) (Political figure) — Founder and leader of the political party "Movement of Society for Peace" (MSP). Born in Blida, he became one of the influential figures in the political life of independent Algeria.