Ankang history

The city of Ankang, located in the south of Shaanxi Province, possesses a rich history spanning more than two millennia. Its development is inextricably linked to its strategic position on the Han River (Hanshui) and a unique cultural heritage formed at the intersection of ancient civilizations.

Foundation and First Mentions

The history of the region can be traced back to the Neolithic era. The first administrative entity in this territory, Xicheng County, was established during the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). The area received its current name, Ankang (安康), which translates as "peace and health," in 280 AD during the Western Jin Dynasty.

Key Factors of Establishment

• Geography: The city is situated in the valley of the Han River, nestled between the Qinling Mountains to the north and the Daba Mountains to the south. This location made Ankang a key transport and trade corridor that historically connected northwest China with the Yangtze River valley.
• Trade: Thanks to its location on a vital waterway, Ankang became a thriving trade hub. Routes transporting silk, tea, and salt passed through here, contributing to the city's economic growth.
• Strategic Importance: For centuries, Ankang was an important military and administrative point, with various kingdoms and dynasties vying for control over it.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

Ankang's culture was shaped by the influence of several ancient kingdoms — Chu, Ba, Qin, and Shu. This blend of traditions created a unique local character evident in customs and art. The city's economy has historically relied on agriculture, particularly the cultivation of rice and tea, as well as active river trade.

Chronology of Key Events

The history of Ankang is a chronicle of strategic, cultural, and administrative development, reflecting the changing eras and dynasties over more than two thousand years.

• Warring States Period (476–221 BC): The territory of modern Ankang becomes a strategically important point contested by the states of Qin and Chu.
• Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC): The first administrative centre is established on these lands — Xicheng County (西城县), subordinate to the Hanzhong Commandery.
• Western Jin Dynasty (280 AD): The area is named Ankang (安康) for the first time, meaning "peace and well-being," following the renaming of Anyang County.
• Western Wei Dynasty (554 AD): The administrative centre is transformed into Jinzhou Prefecture (金州), highlighting its growing importance.
• Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD): The city, once again named Jinzhou, becomes a major hub on the Han River, and in 742, the prefecture is reorganized into Ankang Commandery.
• Ming Dynasty (1583): Following a devastating flood, the city centre is moved to a new, safer location, and the region is renamed Xing'an Prefecture (兴安州).
• Qing Dynasty (1782): The region is elevated in status to Xing'an Fu (兴安府), testifying to its high administrative standing in the region.
• Xinhai Revolution (1913): Following administrative division reforms, the prefecture was abolished, and Ankang regained the status of a county.
• Second World War (1940): During the war, the city was subjected to four bombing raids by Japanese forces.
• Modern Era (2000): The modern prefecture-level city of Ankang is established, and the former city of the same name becomes its central district, Hanbin.
• Modern Era (2001): The opening of the Xi'an–Ankang railway line through the Qinling Mountains transforms the city into a vital transport hub connecting the provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Hubei.

Key Stages of Ankang's Development

Modern Ankang is the result of targeted transformations that have turned it from one of the province's less developed cities into a dynamically growing centre. The key milestones of its recent history demonstrate a focus on utilizing unique resources, developing infrastructure, and improving the quality of life.

• Transformation into a Transport Hub. The opening of the Xi'an–Ankang railway line in 2001 was a turning point, linking the city with major economic centres. The construction of a new high-speed railway to Xi'an, designed for speeds up to 350 km/h, which began in 2021, further strengthens its status as an important transport corridor connecting northwest China with other regions.
• Poverty Alleviation Program and Urbanization (post-2017). Until recently, Ankang faced economic challenges. The implementation of a state program to relocate residents from remote mountain villages to urban areas provided an influx of workforce and gave a powerful impetus to the development of labour-intensive industries.
• Creation of a Toy Manufacturing Cluster. Thanks to the growth of the available workforce, numerous factories were relocated to Ankang from China's eastern coast starting in 2017. The city quickly became a national centre for the production of plush toys, exporting products to over 80 countries worldwide.
• Development of the "Selenium Industry". Ankang has capitalized on its unique natural resources by creating an entire industry dedicated to producing selenium-rich foods. Today, hundreds of enterprises operate here, producing over 300 types of such products, including the famous local tea, drinking water, and walnuts, which are highly valued for their health benefits.
• Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine. The city has become an important base for cultivating medicinal herbs. Extensive plantations and the presence of major medical enterprises make this industry a significant part of the local economy.
• Revival of the Silk Industry. Drawing on a two-thousand-year history of silk processing in the region, Ankang is actively reviving this traditional craft on a modern industrial basis.
• Focus on Ecology and Tourism. Recognized as one of the best cities in China for environmental quality, Ankang is a vital source of clean drinking water for Beijing. This status has formed the basis for the development of eco-tourism, with the creation of numerous nature parks and scenic routes.

Architectural Heritage and Urban Planning

The architectural appearance of Ankang represents a blend of traditional Imperial Chinese construction and modern urban planning solutions, reflecting its rapid economic development. A key event that defined the layout of the historic centre was the devastating flood of 1583, after which the city was relocated and rebuilt.

Traditional Architecture (Ming and Qing Dynasties)

The historical core of the city, known as the Ancient City of Xing'an, was established during the Ming Dynasty. Its architecture and layout bear the characteristic features of that time, which have been partially preserved to this day. The architecture of this period is distinguished by refined elegance and a nostalgic atmosphere.

• Layout: The city was built according to classic principles with a regular grid of streets, surrounded by defensive walls and a moat, remnants of which can still be found today.
• Building Style: The development was characterized by one- and two-story houses made of grey brick with wooden frames and tiled roofs. Many streets paved with blue stone and ancient residential houses have been preserved, conveying the atmosphere of past centuries.
• Significant Structures: In the old part of the city, one can still find traditional temples, merchant shops, and residential homes that have retained their authentic appearance.

Modern Transformation (20th-21st Centuries)

Starting from the second half of the 20th century, and especially in recent decades, Ankang has undergone a massive transformation. Its status as an important transport hub and the implementation of urbanization programs have radically changed its appearance.

• Mass Construction: Modern high-rise residential complexes were erected for resettlers from rural areas, leading to the rapid growth of new urban districts.
• Infrastructure: The cityscape has been complemented by new bridges across the Han River, modern shopping malls, industrial zones, and transport infrastructure facilities, including stations for high-speed trains.
• Fusion of Styles: Modern Ankang is a city of contrasts, where new high-rise buildings stand adjacent to restored quarters of the old city, creating an eclectic yet harmonious image.

Landmark Architectural Sites

Certain buildings and complexes serve as the city's calling cards, reflecting its cultural and historical diversity.

• Xiangxi Grottoes: This complex of Taoist temples, located near the city, is an outstanding example of rock-cut architecture. Temples and pavilions are harmoniously integrated into the mountain landscape, demonstrating the unity of nature and architecture.
• Shiquan Ancient Town: Located in the vicinity of Ankang, this well-preserved town from the Ming and Qing era allows visitors to see architecture untouched by commercial development, including blue stone streets and traditional houses.
• City Gates: Fragments of the old city wall and gates have been preserved in Ankang, serving as a reminder of its centuries-old history and former strategic significance.

Distinguished Figures Associated with Ankang

Throughout its long history, the land of Ankang has been the birthplace of many prominent figures who have left a significant mark on the culture, politics, and spiritual life of China. From masters of Zen Buddhism to modern screen stars, these individuals reflect the rich heritage of the region.

• Huairang of Nanyue (Nanyue Huairang) (677–744) — One of the greatest masters in the history of Chinese Zen Buddhism. Born in Ankang (then known as Jinzhou Prefecture) during the Tang Dynasty, he became a disciple of the Sixth Patriarch of Zen, Huineng. Huairang is considered the founder of one of the two main branches of Southern Zen, from which the influential Linji and Weiyang schools subsequently emerged. His teachings had a colossal influence on the development of Buddhism in East Asia.
• He Chou (541–621) — An outstanding architect, engineer, and master armourer of the Sui Dynasty era. He was known for his incredible talent in creating complex mechanisms, luxurious household items for the imperial court, and high-quality weaponry. He Chou supervised the construction of many palace structures and became famous as one of the most skilled craftsmen of his time.
• Li Qianzhe (511–576) — An influential military commander of the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. He served the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties. Distinguishing himself as a talented strategist and brave warrior, he played an important role in the military campaigns of that time and held high posts, governing several provinces, including his native Jinzhou (Ankang).
• Shen Yinmo (1883–1971) — One of the most revered calligraphers, poets, and scholars of the 20th century. A native of Hanyin County (part of modern Ankang), he was one of the initiators of the "New Culture Movement." His calligraphy style, based on a deep study of classical masters, is considered a benchmark. Shen Yinmo made a huge contribution to the preservation and development of traditional art in the modern era.
• Chen Shufan (1885–1949) — A military and political figure during the Republic of China period. He was the military governor of Shaanxi Province and held key posts in the army. His activities coincided with a complex period of changing eras, and he was a significant figure in the political life of northwest China in the early 20th century.
• Zhang Jiayi (born 1970) — A popular contemporary Chinese actor. Although born in Xi'an, his ancestral roots are in Ankang. Zhang Jiayi is known for his numerous roles in film and television, for which he has received many prestigious awards. He is one of the most recognizable and respected actors of his generation in China.