Anshun history

The city of Anshun, located in Guizhou Province in southwest China, boasts a rich history spanning many centuries. Its formation and development are closely linked to the military, commercial, and administrative functions it has fulfilled for hundreds of years.

Foundation and First Mentions

The first significant mentions of the region date back to the Warring States period (403–221 BC), when this territory was part of the ancient Yelang State. However, a key stage in the city's history began during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). In the 14th century, to strengthen authority and defend the empire's southwestern borders, troops were deployed here to establish military garrisons. These settlements, known as "Tunpu," became the foundation for the future city. Officially, the administrative unit—Anshun Prefecture—was established later during the Qing Dynasty in 1687.

Key Factors of Development

Anshun's development was defined by several important factors:

• Military-Strategic Position: Originally founded as a military fortress, Anshun played the role of a vital defensive point in southwest China. The Ming-era garrisons ensured control over the territory and the protection of trade routes.
• Trade Routes: The city was historically situated on an important trade route connecting Guizhou and Yunnan provinces. One of the branches of the Silk Road, known as the Tea Horse Road, passed through Anshun. This contributed to economic growth and transformed the city into a trading hub where, in addition to tea, historical trade in opium was also conducted.
• Administrative Centre: Over time, the military settlement evolved into an important administrative centre. With the establishment of the Anshun Prefecture in the 17th century, the city definitively secured its status as the political and managerial hub of the region.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

From the very beginning, Anshun formed as a melting pot of different cultures. The descendants of Ming Dynasty soldiers, known as the "Tunpu people," have preserved unique traditions, clothing, and even a dialect that can still be observed today. The city's economy was closely tied to agriculture, conducted by the soldier-settlers, and trade. Tea traditions in this region date back approximately 2,000 years. The cultural heritage of the early period is reflected in local architecture, such as the Wenmiao Temple built during the Ming Dynasty, and in the unique Anshun Opera, often referred to as the "living fossil" of Chinese theatrical art.

Timeline of Anshun's History

• Warring States Period (403–221 BC): The territory of modern Anshun was part of the ancient Yelang Kingdom and already played a notable role in the region.
• 14th Century (Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644): To strengthen the empire's southwestern borders, "Tunpu" military garrisons were founded in the region, becoming the prototype for the future city.
• 1687 (Qing Dynasty): Anshun Prefecture (安顺府) was officially established, cementing the settlement's status as an important administrative centre.
• 18th–19th Centuries: The city becomes a key point on the trade route connecting Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, and a centre for the tea and opium trade.
• 1913: Following the Xinhai Revolution and the fall of the Qing Empire, an administrative reform was carried out, during which Anshun Prefecture was disbanded and Anshun County was created.
• 1949: After the establishment of the PRC, the Anshun Special District was created on these lands, uniting several counties.
• 1958: Anshun County was transformed into a county-level city, reflecting its growing importance and urbanisation.
• 1990: By decree of the State Council of the PRC, the county-level city of Anshun and Anshun Special District were disbanded, and the prefecture-level city of Anshun was created.
• Early 21st Century: Anshun actively develops as one of the main tourism centres of Guizhou Province, thanks to attractions such as the Huangguoshu Waterfall and the ancient Tunpu villages.

Key Stages of Anshun's Development

The history of Anshun is a journey from a military outpost to a modern economic and tourist hub. The city has undergone several key transformations that have defined its current appearance.

• Formation of Tunpu Military Settlements (14th Century): The foundation for the city was laid by military garrisons created during the Ming Dynasty. These settlements, known as "Tunpu," not only established the urban planning basis but also formed a unique local culture, the descendants of whom reside here today.
• Trade Centre on Ancient Routes: Thanks to its location on the trade route connecting Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, Anshun became a vital economic node. Trade flourished here, particularly in tea—traditions of which date back about two millennia in the region—as well as other goods.
• Industrialisation under the "Third Front" (1960s – 1970s): During this period, Anshun became part of a massive state programme to create an industrial base in the country's interior. This led to the construction of major enterprises, especially in the aviation industry, causing a boom in economic growth and an influx of population.
• Transformation into a Tourist Centre (Late 20th – Early 21st Century): The city successfully utilised its natural and cultural potential. The world-famous Huangguoshu Waterfall, the "Dragon Palace" cave complex, and the distinctive Tunpu villages have turned Anshun into one of China's major tourist centres.
• Administrative Transformations (20th Century): Throughout the 20th century, the city's status was upgraded multiple times: from a county in 1913 to a county-level city in 1958, and finally to a prefecture-level city in 2000. These changes reflected its growing economic and political significance in the region.
• Development of Modern Infrastructure (21st Century): The construction of high-speed railways, motorways, and the modernisation of the airport have significantly improved Anshun's transport accessibility. This has strengthened its connections with other regions of the country and contributed to the further growth of tourism and business.
• Integration into High-Tech Zones: In the modern era, Anshun has become part of the Guian New Area—a national economic zone created to develop the big data and high-tech industries. Giants such as Huawei and Tencent have established their centres here, marking a new stage in the city's economic development.

The architectural appearance of the city of Anshun represents a harmonious blend of ancient traditions and modern urban planning. Located in Guizhou Province in southwest China, the city has been a crucial point on trade routes for centuries, which has left an imprint on its development and cultural heritage. The historic centre and surrounding villages preserve unique examples of architecture, while new districts demonstrate the rapid modernisation of the region.

The foundation of Anshun's historic buildings is the architecture of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) eras. During this period, many iconic structures were erected, including temples and residential houses that have survived to this day. A striking example is the Wenmiao Temple, built during the Ming Dynasty and distinguished by exquisite carving and classical structure. A special feature of the region is the architecture of the Tunbao ethnic group, which can be seen in the ancient village of Benzhai. These structures, often made of stone and wood, are notable for their durability and functionality, reflecting the defensive nature of the settlements of that time.

Modern urban planning in Anshun focuses on developing infrastructure while maintaining a balance with nature. High-speed railways and motorways are being actively constructed, such as the Duyun–Anshun highway and the Anshun–Liupanshui high-speed railway, which connect the city with other parts of the country. Guizhou Province is known for its impressive bridges, which are becoming new architectural landmarks. Modern residential complexes and hotels are rising next to traditional quarters, creating an interesting contrast between the old and the new, making Anshun a city where history and progress go hand in hand.

The city of Anshun and its surroundings have been the birthplace of several prominent figures who have made significant contributions to the history, culture, and economy of China. Their names are known far beyond the borders of Guizhou Province.

Key Figures in History and Modern Times

• Wang Ruofei (1896–1946) — One of the early leaders of the Communist Party of China. Born in Anshun, he was educated in France and the Soviet Union. He was a prominent revolutionary, the CPC representative to the Comintern, and played an important role in the formation of the party. He died in a plane crash in 1946, and today his former residence in Anshun serves as a memorial museum.
• Ren Zhengfei (born 1944) — Founder and CEO of the technology giant Huawei. Born in Zhenning County, which is under the administrative jurisdiction of Anshun. Under his leadership, Huawei has transformed into one of the global leaders in the production of telecommunications equipment and smartphones. He is considered one of the most influential figures in modern Chinese business.
• Gu Zhenglun (1890–1957) — A general of the National Revolutionary Army and a political figure during the Republic of China era. Born in Anshun. He is known as the "father of the modern Chinese gendarmerie" and served as the governor of Guizhou Province, leaving a notable mark on the military and political history of the country in the first half of the 20th century.
• Gu Zhenggang (1902–1993) — A political figure and brother of Gu Zhenglun. Also born in Anshun. He held high posts in the Kuomintang government, was an active participant in political life, and after 1949 continued his activities in Taiwan, heading the World Anti-Communist League.
• Chen Fa (Dates unknown) — A military commander during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). A native of Anshun, he was one of the notable military figures of his time, whose career was associated with the defence of the empire's southwestern borders. His activities reflect the historical importance of Anshun as a military outpost.