Yingkou history

The history of the city of Yingkou is deeply rooted in the distant past, as the first settlements in this territory date back to the Paleolithic era. However, it began to take shape as a significant settlement much later. In 1688, the Qing government resettled Bargu Mongols here, founding a settlement called "Yingzi," which means "military camp." Over time, due to the characteristics of the local tides, it came to be known as "Yingkou" — "The Estuary at the Military Camp." The city gained widespread fame in the 19th century when Europeans mistakenly referred to it as Newchwang, after another settlement located further up the river.

A key moment in the history of Yingkou was its transformation into an international trading port, facilitated by several factors. Firstly, its advantageous geographical location in Liaoning Province, at the mouth of the Liao River where it flows into the Bohai Sea, made it the natural maritime gateway for all of Southern Manchuria. Secondly, the impetus for development was the Treaty of Tientsin in 1858, which opened the port of Newchwang to foreign trade. Since the river at that location was too shallow for sea-going vessels, the port was effectively moved to the coast, to the site of modern Yingkou, where a customs house began operations in 1866.

With its opening to international trade, Yingkou quickly turned into a bustling economic and cultural hub and remained the main port of Manchuria until the early 20th century. The city's growing political importance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries attracted the attention of foreign powers, whose presence intensified after the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and during the "Boxer Rebellion." A European quarter formed in the city, inhabited by foreigners primarily engaged in trade — by 1891, there were already about 140 of them, half of whom were British. The city's economy was based on port activities, ensuring the export and import of goods for the entire northeast of China. In addition to trade, fishing, salt production, and various industries developed actively.

Key Milestones in the History of Yingkou

The history of Yingkou is a chronicle of the transformation of a small settlement into a strategically important port city that found itself at the centre of many historical events. Its opening to international trade and advantageous location made it an arena of struggle for influence in the region.

• 1688 — By decree of the Qing Dynasty government, a settlement is founded on this site, where Bargu Mongols are resettled.
• 1858 — Under the Treaty of Tientsin, the port of Newchwang (the old name for Yingkou in European documents) is opened to international trade.
• 1866 — In Yingkou, which effectively replaced the shallow Newchwang, a foreign customs house begins operations, marking the start of its rapid development as a trading port.
• March 1895 — During the First Sino-Japanese War, the city becomes the scene of fierce battles and comes under the control of the Japanese army.
• July 1900 — During the "Boxer Rebellion," the city is occupied by Russian troops, who establish a temporary Russian administration to protect foreign quarters and maintain order.
• July 1904 — During the Russo-Japanese War, Yingkou is captured by Japanese troops.
• January 1905 — Russian cavalry conducts a famous raid on Yingkou to disrupt Japanese communications; this operation went down in history as the "Raid on Yingkou."
• 1932 — Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Yingkou becomes part of the puppet state of Manchukuo.
• August 1945 — The city is liberated by the Red Army during the Manchurian Operation, putting an end to Japanese control.
• 1949 — After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Yingkou officially becomes part of Liaodong Province (later Liaoning).
• 1985 — The PRC government grants Yingkou the status of an Economic and Technological Development Zone, giving new impetus to its economic growth.

Stages of Transformation: From Trading Post to Modern Metropolis

The development of Yingkou is a vivid example of how strategic location and historical events can turn a modest settlement into a powerful economic centre. The city has journeyed from a small military camp to one of the key ports in Northeast Asia, and every stage of its history has left a noticeable mark on its economy and appearance.

• Opening to the World (1858-1866): The key catalyst for development was the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin, under which the port of Newchwang (the old name for Yingkou in European documents) was opened to international trade. Effectively, the port was moved to Yingkou, where customs began operating in 1866. This turned the city into the main maritime gateway of Manchuria, stimulating rapid economic development and the influx of foreign capital.
• Formation of an International Character (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries): The presence of foreign powers led to the creation of a European quarter, where Western-style buildings, consulates, and banks were built. This period formed a unique multicultural environment and laid the foundations for the city's financial sector. Yingkou became a crossroads of trade and political interests for Russia, Japan, and Great Britain.
• Industrial Development in the 20th Century: After the formation of the PRC, the city became an important industrial centre. The economy was based not only on port activities but also on industries such as metallurgy, mechanical engineering, textiles, and food processing, as well as salt mining. Yingkou also became one of China's leading centres for piano manufacturing.
• Creation of the Economic and Technological Development Zone (since 1985): This step became a new starting point in the modern history of Yingkou. Obtaining special status attracted large-scale investments and contributed to the modernization of industry and the transition to high-tech production, such as precision engineering and renewable energy.
• Port Modernization and the New Bayuquan District: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the old port was complemented by a new deep-water port in the Bayuquan district. Today, the Port of Yingkou is among the ten largest in China and the top 50 in the world, serving as a key link in the "Belt and Road" logistics system. The development of the Bayuquan district has also turned it into a popular tourist zone with beaches and thermal springs.
• Industrial Transformation and Diversification: Facing the challenges of a resource-intensive economy, Yingkou is actively restructuring its industry. The city is betting on the development of a coastal industrial base, high-tech parks, and sectors such as cultural tourism and the digital economy. This allows the city to maintain competitiveness and ensure sustainable growth.

The architectural appearance of Yingkou is a visual chronicle of its transformation from a small settlement into an international port city. Its urban landscape harmoniously and contrastingly weaves together traditional Chinese motifs, European colonial heritage, and ultra-modern projects, reflecting every significant stage in the city's history.

The "Treaty Port" Era and Western Influence (Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries)

The key stage that shaped the unique look of the old centre began after Yingkou opened to foreign trade in 1861. The city quickly became the "Eastern Trade Hub" and the "Little Shanghai of Northeast China," which attracted foreigners. Along the Liao River, the so-called European quarter grew, housing consulates, banks, trading houses, and residences of British, Russian, and Japanese merchants. This period is characterized by eclectic architecture combining European styles (Neoclassicism, Victorian style) with local building traditions. Landmark buildings of that era include the former Newchwang Customs House, the Russian Civil Administrator's building (1903), and offices of foreign companies. Today, this historical development is preserved in the area of Liaohe Old Street.

Soviet Influence and Industrialization (Mid-20th Century)

After the formation of the PRC and during the period of active industrialization, the architecture of Yingkou, like many industrial centres in China, experienced the influence of Soviet functionalism and neoclassicism. Industrial enterprises, administrative buildings, and residential quarters for workers were erected in the city. These structures were characterized by strict, monumental forms, concise decoration, and a focus on practicality, which met the objectives of the city's rapid economic growth.

The Modern Era and 21st Century Urban Planning

Since the end of the 20th century, especially after receiving open city status in 1985, Yingkou has experienced a new construction boom. Urban development shifted from the river to the sea, leading to the creation of the new modern district of Bayuquan with a deep-water port. The architecture of this period is represented by high-rise residential and office buildings in the international style, large shopping centres, and tourism infrastructure such as hotels and spa resorts near hot springs. A striking example of modern bold architecture is the Yingkou Convention and Exhibition Centre — a futuristic building shaped like a sea urchin, located on an artificial island in the Bohai Sea. This project symbolizes Yingkou's economic ambitions and its aspirations for the future.

Distinguished Figures Connected to Yingkou

The city of Yingkou, with its rich and multifaceted history, has been the birthplace of many talented individuals who have left their mark on politics, the arts, sports, and culture, not only in China but around the world. From world-class composers to national sports heroes, here are some of the outstanding personalities whose lives were connected with this city.

Boris Blacher (1903–1975)

A German composer, librettist, and educator born in Yingkou (then Newchwang) to a Russian-German banking official's family. Blacher spent his childhood in China and Russia, which influenced his work. Later, he moved to Berlin, where he became a key figure in Germany's musical life in the 20th century, serving as director of the High School for Music in Berlin. His works, including operas and orchestral pieces, are known for their complex rhythmic structures and combination of different cultural influences.

Li Guixian (born 1937)

A high-ranking Chinese political and state figure born in Gaixian County (now part of Yingkou). He held key positions in the PRC government, including serving as a State Councillor and Governor of the People's Bank of China. His tenure coincided with a period of important economic reforms in the country, and he made a significant contribution to the modernization of China's financial system.

Shan Tianfang (1934–2018)

One of the most famous masters of Pingshu — the traditional Chinese art of storytelling. Born in Yingkou, he dedicated his life to the revival and popularization of this genre. Thanks to his unique voice and storytelling talent, Shan Tianfang became a true cultural icon in China. His audio recordings of historical novels and legends were listened to by millions of people across the country, making him one of the most recognizable and beloved artists of his generation.

Li Yuejiu (born 1957)

An outstanding Chinese gymnast born in Yingkou. He made history as China's first world champion in floor exercise, winning the gold medal at the 1981 World Championships in Moscow. At the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, Li Yuejiu became a silver medalist with the team. His successes contributed to the growing popularity of artistic gymnastics in China and paved the way for future generations of champions.

Qin Hailu (born 1978)

A popular Chinese actress and screenwriter born in Yingkou. She is the recipient of numerous prestigious awards in film and television, including Taiwan's Golden Horse Award for Best Actress. Qin Hailu is known for her versatility and ability to embody complex dramatic characters on screen. Her career covers both commercially successful blockbusters and auteur cinema, making her one of the most respected actresses of her generation in China.

Dai Yun Fan (born 1997)

A young and popular Chinese actor hailing from Yingkou. A graduate of the Tianjin Conservatory of Music, he quickly gained fame thanks to roles in numerous youth and romantic television series. Dai Yun Fan represents the modern generation of talent from Yingkou and enjoys great popularity among the young audience in China.