Copenhagen history

The history of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is a journey from a humble fishing village to one of the most important cities in Northern Europe. Its formation is inextricably linked to the sea, trade, and the strategic vision of its founders.

Foundation and First Mentions

Although a settlement existed on the site of modern Copenhagen as early as the 11th century under the name Havn, meaning "harbour," the official founding date of the city is considered to be 1167. It was then that Bishop Absalon, advisor to King Valdemar I the Great, built a castle on the islet of Slotsholmen to protect against pirates and control the Øresund Strait. The growing commercial importance of the settlement was reflected in its new name — Købmandshavn ("Merchants' Harbour"), which eventually transformed into København. By 1254, Copenhagen had received city status and corresponding privileges.

Key Factors of Formation

Several key factors contributed to the city's rapid growth:

• Geographical Location: Its position on the shores of the Øresund Strait, connecting the Baltic and North Seas, made Copenhagen a natural centre for maritime trade routes.
• Trade: The city quickly turned into a bustling commercial hub where trade flourished, primarily in herring. Its wealth attracted attention and provoked rivalry from the powerful Hanseatic League.
• Political Power: In the mid-15th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark and the residence of monarchs, which finally cemented its status as the kingdom's principal city.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

In the early stages of its development, Copenhagen was primarily a fortress city and a trading port. The economy depended entirely on maritime activity. An important step in cultural development was the founding of the University of Copenhagen in 1479 by King Christian I, one of the oldest in Northern Europe. The architectural appearance of the city was shaped within the fortress walls for a long time, which is still noticeable today in the compact layout of the historic centre.

Chronology of Copenhagen's History

From a modest fishing settlement to a vibrant European capital, the history of Copenhagen is full of significant events that defined its appearance and character. Below is a brief chronology of key moments in the city's centuries-old chronicle.

• 1167 — Bishop Absalon builds a castle on the island of Slotsholmen, which is considered the official founding date of the city to protect the harbour from pirates.
• 1254 — The settlement receives city status and trading privileges, contributing to its rapid growth as a commercial centre.
• 1417 — Copenhagen officially becomes the capital of Denmark, and the royal residence moves to a new castle built on the site of the old fortress.
• 1479 — King Christian I founds the University of Copenhagen, one of the oldest in Northern Europe, laying the foundations for the city's transformation into an educational hub.
• 1610s–1640s — During the reign of King Christian IV, who was passionate about architecture, iconic buildings such as Rosenborg Castle and the Børsen stock exchange are erected in the city.
• 1728 — A catastrophic fire destroys about a third of the city, including many medieval structures and valuable book collections of the university library.
• 1807 — The British fleet subjects the city to severe bombardment during the Napoleonic Wars, leading to significant destruction and casualties among the civilian population.
• First half of the 19th century — The "Danish Golden Age" arrives, a period of cultural flourishing when writer Hans Christian Andersen and philosopher Søren Kierkegaard worked in Copenhagen.
• 1843 — Tivoli Gardens amusement park opens, quickly becoming one of the city's main attractions and a favourite leisure spot for citizens.
• 1850s — City authorities decide to demolish the old defensive ramparts, allowing Copenhagen to expand beyond the medieval centre.
• 1940–1945 — During World War II, Copenhagen, like all of Denmark, is under German occupation.
• 2000 — The Øresund Bridge-Tunnel opens, connecting Copenhagen with the Swedish city of Malmö and strengthening its role as a transport and economic hub of the region.

Key Milestones in Copenhagen's Development

Copenhagen has come a long way from a fortified port to a modern metropolis that is regularly recognised as one of the world's best cities for living. Its development has been defined by bold architectural projects, strategic planning, and a focus on the well-being of residents. Here are several key stages that formed the look and character of the Danish capital.

The Era of Christian IV (Early 17th Century)

Significance for the city: King Christian IV, nicknamed the "Builder King," transformed Copenhagen from a medieval town into a majestic capital. During this period, iconic buildings were erected, such as the Børsen stock exchange with its famous spire of twisted dragon tails, Rosenborg Castle, and the Round Tower. These structures not only defined the architectural appearance of the centre but also strengthened the city's status as an economic and cultural hub of Northern Europe.

Demolition of Defensive Ramparts (1850s)

Significance for the city: The decision to demolish the obsolete city fortifications became a turning point in urban planning. It allowed Copenhagen to move beyond its medieval boundaries and begin expanding rapidly. Parks and boulevards were laid out on the site of the former ramparts, and fast-growing working-class districts, such as Nørrebro and Vesterbro, connected with the historic centre, laying the foundation for the city's modern layout.

The "Finger Plan" (1947)

Significance for the city: This visionary plan defined the development strategy of the capital region for decades to come. The concept proposed that the city would grow along five "fingers" — corridors laid along suburban train lines. The spaces between the "fingers" were preserved as green zones for recreation and agriculture. This approach ensured balanced growth, effective transport accessibility, and the preservation of nature within the city limits.

"City for People" Policy (Since the 1960s)

Significance for the city: While many European cities relied on automobiles, Copenhagen took a different path. Starting in the 1960s, influenced by architect Jan Gehl, city authorities began systematically turning streets into pedestrian zones, developing cycling infrastructure, and creating comfortable public spaces. This philosophy, placing the human being rather than the car at the forefront, led to the creation of the famous cycling culture and high quality of life.

Construction of the Øresund Bridge (2000)

Significance for the city: The opening of the 16-kilometre bridge-tunnel connecting Copenhagen with the Swedish city of Malmö became a powerful economic and cultural impulse. The bridge not only physically linked Scandinavia with continental Europe but also created the integrated Øresund Region — a transnational agglomeration with a shared labour market and cultural space. This strengthened Copenhagen's position as a key transport and business hub of Northern Europe.

Modern Transformation (21st Century)

Significance for the city: In the 21st century, Copenhagen continues to develop actively. The construction of a modern automated metro, which began in 2002, radically improved the transport system. Ambitious projects for the renovation of industrial zones are being implemented, such as the conversion of former port warehouses into residential and public spaces. The city aims to become the world's first carbon-neutral capital by 2025, confirming its status as a laboratory for progressive urban planning and sustainable development.

The architectural appearance of Copenhagen is a fascinating journey through centuries, where each period has left its unique mark. From the strict lines of medieval fortifications to the bold forms of modern architecture, the city represents a living museum of urban planning. Its development was determined not only by changing styles but also by major historical events — fires, wars, and ambitious royal projects.

Middle Ages and Renaissance: The Era of Christian IV

Although little remains of medieval Gothic architecture after numerous fires, its influence is still felt in the layout of the old city. The true architectural flourishing occurred during the reign of King Christian IV in the first half of the 17th century. Inspired by the Dutch Renaissance, he initiated the construction of buildings that became symbols of Copenhagen. Among them are Rosenborg Castle, the Børsen exchange with its famous spire of twisted dragon tails, and the Round Tower (Rundetårn). This style is characterised by a combination of red brick and decorative sandstone elements.

Baroque and Rococo: Grandeur and Elegance

After major fires in the 18th century, the city was actively rebuilt in accordance with new trends. The Baroque style was reflected in structures such as the Church of Our Saviour with its famous spiral spire, which can be climbed to the top. The pinnacle of urban planning art of the Rococo era was the Frederiksstaden district, designed by architect Nicolai Eigtved. Its heart is the Amalienborg palace complex, consisting of four identical mansions, and the majestic Frederik's Church, also known as the Marble Church.

Classicism and the "Golden Age"

After the British bombardment of 1807, the restoration of the city took place under the sign of strict and monumental Classicism. The leading architect of this period was Christian Frederik Hansen. His works, such as the Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen Cathedral) and the courthouse on Nytorv square, gave the city centre a restrained and harmonious look, characteristic of the Danish "Golden Age."

From Historicism to Modernism

In the second half of the 19th century, after the demolition of the old city ramparts, Copenhagen began to expand rapidly. Historicism reigned in architecture, drawing inspiration from past eras. A shining example of this period, with elements of National Romanticism, is the Copenhagen City Hall building by architect Martin Nyrop. In the 20th century, opulence was replaced by Functionalism, which prioritised practicality and simple forms. An icon of Danish modernism was architect Arne Jacobsen, who designed the world's first design hotel, the SAS Royal Hotel.

Modern Architecture: Boldness and Sustainability

Modern Copenhagen is a laboratory of progressive urban planning, where the focus is shifted to the individual, sustainable development, and innovation. Since the end of the 20th century, many iconic objects have appeared in the city: the extension of the Royal Library "The Black Diamond", the Opera House building on the waterfront, and numerous projects in the new Ørestad district, such as the "Mountain Dwellings" and "8 House" residential complexes by the BIG (Bjarke Ingels Group) bureau. These buildings, along with the developed cycling infrastructure, form the image of Copenhagen as one of the most comfortable and architecturally interesting capitals in the world.

Notable People of Copenhagen

For centuries, Copenhagen has been the cradle for many geniuses whose names and works are known far beyond Denmark. From storytellers to revolutionary scientists, these people shaped not only the cultural and intellectual landscape of the city but also influenced the entire world.

Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875)

Role: Writer, poet, playwright.

Significance: The world-famous author of fairy tales such as "The Little Mermaid," "The Ugly Duckling," and "The Snow Queen." Although Andersen was born in Odense, he came to Copenhagen at the age of 14 to "become famous" and spent most of his life here. His legacy is inextricably linked with the capital, the symbol of which has become the famous Little Mermaid statue in the harbour. The writer is buried at Assistens Cemetery in Copenhagen.

Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)

Role: Philosopher, theologian, writer.

Significance: One of the founders of existentialism, who had a huge influence on 20th-century philosophy. Kierkegaard was born, lived, worked, and died in Copenhagen, leading a solitary lifestyle while keenly feeling and understanding people. His works are distinguished by exceptional psychological depth. The philosopher's grave is also located at Assistens Cemetery.

Niels Bohr (1885–1962)

Role: Theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate.

Significance: One of the creators of modern quantum physics and the theory of atomic structure. In 1921, he founded the Institute for Theoretical Physics (now the Niels Bohr Institute) in Copenhagen, which turned into a global centre for physicists. His work laid the foundations for the development of nuclear energy and quantum mechanics. In 1922, Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844)

Role: Sculptor.

Significance: An outstanding representative of late Classicism who received universal acclaim in Europe. Born in Copenhagen, he spent most of his career in Rome but bequeathed his works and art collection to his native city. Specifically for this legacy, the Thorvaldsens Museum was built in Copenhagen, which also became his mausoleum.

Arne Jacobsen (1902–1971)

Role: Architect, designer.

Significance: The founder of the "Danish Functionalism" style and one of the most influential Scandinavian designers of the 20th century. He was born in Copenhagen and designed many iconic buildings for the city, including the world's first design hotel, the SAS Royal Hotel. His furniture, including the "Ant" and "Egg" chairs, has become a global classic.

Mads Mikkelsen (born 1965)

Role: Actor.

Significance: One of the most famous contemporary Danish actors to achieve global recognition. Born in Copenhagen, where he began his career as a professional dancer and later as an actor. Despite Hollywood fame gained through roles in films like "Casino Royale" and the series "Hannibal," he continues to live in Denmark and actively act in national cinema.