Treinta y Tres

Foundation and First Mentions

The city of Treinta y Tres was officially founded on March 10, 1853, during the presidency of Juan Francisco Giró. Its emergence was part of a state strategy to settle the interior regions of Uruguay and organize the country's administrative division.

The symbolic name, which translates as "Thirty-Three," was given in honor of the national heroes — the Thirty-Three Orientals. This was a group of rebels led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja, who in 1825 began the liberation struggle that led to Uruguay's independence.

Key Factors of Establishment

The development of the settlement was determined by a combination of geographical and socio-political factors:

• Geography and Water Resources: The city was established on the left bank of the Olimar Grande River. Proximity to water was a decisive factor for the settlement's survival and farming in the 19th century.
• Strategic Position: The location allowed for the control of communication routes in the east of the country and served as a link between the capital and the border territories.
• Urbanization of the Region: The founding of the city allowed scattered settlers to be brought together and created a center for services, trade, and law enforcement in the department.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

The economic foundation of Treinta y Tres was initially built on the agricultural sector. The lands surrounding the city were ideal for cattle grazing, so livestock farming became the main occupation of local residents, defining their way of life for decades to come.

The city's cultural identity was formed under the strong influence of gaucho traditions and proximity to the Olimar River. This connection with nature and rural life laid the foundation for the rich folklore heritage for which the region is still famous today.

Key Historical Milestones

• March 10, 1853 — Official founding of the settlement on the banks of the Olimar Grande River under the leadership of Colonel Dionisio Coronel.
• September 18, 1884 — The department of Treinta y Tres is formed, and the city is confirmed as its administrative center.
• 1911 — Opening of the railway connection with Montevideo, giving a powerful boost to the region's economic development.
• September 29, 1915 — The settlement is officially granted the status of a city (Ciudad) in accordance with Law No. 5335.
• 1925 — Large-scale celebrations in honor of the centenary of the landing of the Thirty-Three Orientals, strengthening the city's patriotic status.
• 1929 — Commissioning of the bridge over the Olimar River, significantly improving transport links with the rest of the country.
• 1953 — Celebration of the city's centenary and the unveiling of a commemorative obelisk in the park dedicated to the founders.
• 1973 — The first "Festival del Olimar" is held, which over time became one of Uruguay's main folklore events.
• 2008 — The nearby Quebrada de los Cuervos gorge is included in the system of protected areas, making the city an important destination for eco-tourists.

Stages of City Development and Transformation

The history of Treinta y Tres is a journey from a remote settlement to an important agro-industrial and cultural center of eastern Uruguay. The city's key transformations are linked to infrastructure development and the formation of a unique regional economy.

• Administrative Separation (1884). The creation of a separate department of Treinta y Tres and the designation of the city as its capital served as a catalyst for urban development. This attracted officials, police, and specialists, necessitating the construction of administrative buildings, schools, and hospitals.
• Transportation Revolution (1911). The arrival of the railway connecting the city to Montevideo radically changed the economy. It became possible to export agricultural products in bulk through the capital's port, stimulating trade and the flow of investment.
• Official City Status (1915). The legislative granting of Ciudad status consolidated the successes of urbanization. This event accelerated the development of public infrastructure, street paving, and the organization of street lighting.
• Overcoming Geographical Isolation (1929). The opening of the monumental reinforced concrete bridge over the Olimar River solved the problem of seasonal isolation during floods. A reliable crossing ensured uninterrupted road communication with the south of the country.
• Agricultural Transformation (Mid-20th century). The transition from extensive livestock farming to intensive rice cultivation made the region one of the industry leaders in Uruguay. Rice processing plants appeared around the city, creating new jobs.
• Cultural Consolidation (Since 1973). The establishment of the festival on the banks of the Olimar not only created a reason for tourism but also secured the city's title as the "capital of Uruguayan folklore," contributing to the development of the service and hospitality sectors.
• Educational Decentralization (21st century). The opening of branches of the University of the Republic (UDELAR) and the Technological University (UTEC) in the region helped retain young people in the city, improving the skills of the local population and stimulating a modern urban economy.

Architectural Character and Urban Planning

The city of Treinta y Tres may not boast monumental palaces or skyscrapers, but its appearance has a special provincial charm that reflects the history of the Uruguayan hinterland. The city's urban structure and architecture developed gradually, following the practical needs of settlers and the trends of the time.

Urban Structure

Like most cities founded during Uruguay's republican period, Treinta y Tres was built according to the classic "damero" (checkerboard) layout. The center of the composition is the main square, from which blocks branch out in a geometrically regular order. A unique feature of the city is its close connection with the Olimar Grande River: the historical core was formed with an eye on the river crossing, but at a safe distance from potential flood zones.

Architectural Styles and Eras

The city's buildings are predominantly low-rise, creating a cozy and "human-scale" atmosphere. Several key trends can be identified in the architectural landscape, corresponding to different historical stages:

• Historicism and Eclecticism (Late 19th — early 20th century). The period of the city's establishment as an administrative center. Buildings of this era, located mainly in the center, are characterized by a mix of styles. Facades are often decorated with cornices, pilasters, and wrought-iron grilles on the windows, which was typical for the homes of wealthy citizens and the first public institutions.
• Simplified Neoclassicism (First half of the 20th century). A style often used for official and government buildings. it is expressed in strict lines, symmetry, and restrained decor intended to emphasize the status of institutions (schools, banks, administration).
• Art Deco and Early Modernism (1930s–1950s). As the city grew and new materials (concrete) emerged, geometric shapes, rounded corners, and stepped facades began to appear in residential and commercial buildings. This era marked a transition to more functional architecture.

Landmarks and Key Sites

The look of Treinta y Tres is defined by several key points of interest around which city life is centered:

• Plaza 19 de Abril. The heart of the city and a prime example of urban landscape design. It is a spacious green area surrounded by the most important buildings, where major public events take place.
• Monument to the 33 Orientals. Located in the main square, this monument is not only a historical symbol but also an architectural focal point of the center.
• Parroquia San José Obrero (Saint Joseph the Worker Parish Church). An example of religious architecture that combines simplicity of form with spiritual significance for the local community.
• Bridge over the Olimar River. Although it is an engineering structure, its massive reinforced concrete sections, erected in the first half of the 20th century, have become an integral part of the city's visual identity and a symbol of its connection to the rest of the country.

Notable People of Treinta y Tres

The city of Treinta y Tres is rightfully considered one of the cultural capitals of the Uruguayan interior. Many figures were born or lived here whose work and achievements went far beyond the region, shaping Uruguay's national identity in music, literature, and sports.

Historical Figures and Founders

• Dionisio Coronel — Military and political figure (19th century).
  A commander who played a key role in the region's history. It was he who led the city's founding process in 1853, choosing a strategic location on the banks of the Olimar River. His efforts to organize the settlement laid the foundation for the future administrative center of the department.

Culture and Art

• Serafín J. García — Writer and poet (1905–1985).
  One of the most brilliant representatives of "gaucho literature." His collection of poems "Tacuruses" became a classic of Uruguayan literature, vividly describing the life, language, and philosophy of rural residents. García immortalized the harsh beauty of his homeland in his verses.
• Rubén Lena — Poet, composer, and educator (1925–1995).
  An outstanding cultural figure whose songs became folk classics. He is the author of the famous composition "A Don José," which was declared the cultural and folk anthem of Uruguay. Lena was the intellectual inspiration behind the musical movement that brought fame to Treinta y Tres.
• Pepe Guerra (José Luis Guerra) — Musician and composer (1943–2024).
  A member of the legendary duo Los Olimareños. Together with Braulio López, he brought the region's folk music to an international level. Their work became the voice of an entire generation and a symbol of resistance, and the duo's name forever linked the city with the Olimar River in people's minds.
• Braulio López — Musician and performer (born 1942).
  The second long-standing member of the duo Los Olimareños. His unique voice and guitar arrangements helped popularize traditional Uruguayan rhythms (serranera, milonga) worldwide. He is an honorary citizen of the city.
• Lucio Muniz — Poet, musician, and journalist (1939–2017).
  A prolific author who wrote numerous books and songs about his homeland. Muniz was a tireless researcher of local traditions and an organizer of cultural events that helped preserve the region's historical memory.

Sports and Politics

• José "Pepe" Sasía — Footballer and coach (1933–1996).
  A legend of Uruguayan football. He played for Peñarol and the Uruguay national team. He was known for his fighting spirit and important goals in international tournaments, including the Intercontinental Cup.
• Darío Silva — Footballer (born 1972).
  A well-known striker who had a successful career in European leagues (Spain, Italy, England) and for the Uruguay national team. His career became an example of sporting success for the city's youth.
• Luis Hierro Gambardella — Politician and writer (1915–1991).
  A native of the city who reached great heights in national politics. He held posts as a deputy, senator, and Minister of Education and Culture. He was also known as a talented orator and writer.