Wollongong history

The territory of modern Wollongong was originally inhabited by the Aboriginal people of the Dharawal nation. It is believed that the city's name is derived from the word woolyungah, which means "five islands" in the indigenous language. The first Europeans, explorers George Bass and Matthew Flinders, visited the region in 1796. By 1815, the first European settlers arrived after indigenous guides led them and their cattle down the slopes of the escarpment.

The further development of Wollongong was inextricably linked to its rich natural resources. Coal mining played a key role in the city's formation, with the first mentions of deposits dating back to 1797. By the end of the 19th century, Wollongong had become the second-largest coal producer in the Australian colonies, which attracted heavy industry to the region. In 1875, the first coke ovens were built, and the launch of the steelworks in neighbouring Port Kembla in 1928 finally cemented Wollongong's status as a major industrial centre. To transport products, a horse-drawn tramway was built in 1861, which was replaced by steam locomotives in 1880. The completion of the railway line to Sydney in 1887 further strengthened economic ties and contributed to the city's growth.

In the mid-19th century, Wollongong began to acquire the features of a fully-fledged town. By 1856, its population stood at 864 people. During this period, important public buildings were constructed, including the Court House (1858), the first Town Hall (1886), and a hospital. The economy, initially focused on agriculture and timber, quickly shifted to coal mining and coke production. The appearance of gas lighting in 1883 and the development of transport infrastructure signaled Wollongong's transformation into a significant regional centre with an industrial specialisation.

Before 1796: For millennia, the Dharawal (Wodi Wodi) Aboriginal people lived on this land, calling this territory their home.

1796: European explorers George Bass and Matthew Flinders land in the Illawarra region, making contact with the area for the first time.

1815: Charles Throsby establishes the first permanent European settlement, bringing graziers to the pastures of the Illawarra.

1834: The town of Wollongong is officially surveyed and laid out by Surveyor General Thomas Mitchell.

1849: The first coal mining begins at Mount Keira, marking the start of the city's long history as a major industrial hub.

1856: Wollongong is proclaimed a Municipality, a significant step in its administrative development.

1858: The first Court House is built, which remains one of the oldest structures in the city today.

1887: The Illawarra railway line opens, connecting Wollongong to Sydney and significantly improving transport links.

1928: The steelworks begin operations in Port Kembla, turning the region into the main centre of Australia's steel industry.

1942: Wollongong receives city status (City of Greater Wollongong), amalgamating several neighbouring municipalities.

1951: A division of the New South Wales University of Technology is established, later becoming an independent educational institution.

1975: The institution officially becomes the independent University of Wollongong, which is today one of the country's leading universities.

Key Development Milestones

The path that Wollongong has travelled from a small settlement to the third-largest city in the state is filled with events that defined its industrial power and cultural diversity. Each of these milestones played a decisive role in how Australia developed its economy and industrial potential.

• 1834: Approval of the Town Master Plan. The official layout of streets and lots, conducted by surveyor Thomas Mitchell, turned the spontaneous settlement into an organised town. This event laid the urban planning foundation for the future administrative centre of the Illawarra region.
• 1849: Opening of the First Coal Mine. The start of industrial coal mining at Mount Keira became the starting point for the entire city economy. The presence of rich natural resources defined the region's specialisation for a century and a half, turning it into the energy heart of the state.
• 1887: Launch of the Railway Line to Sydney. The completion of the railway broke the geographical isolation created by the mountain range. It provided a reliable channel for exporting coal and agricultural produce, and gave a powerful boost to trade and population growth.
• 1928: Opening of the Steelworks in Port Kembla. The relocation of Hoskins Iron & Steel production became the main economic event of the 20th century for the city. The plant became the largest employer, stimulating the development of related industries and mass housing construction.
• 1947–1960s: Post-War Migration Boom. An acute need for labour in heavy industry attracted thousands of immigrants from Europe. This radically changed the demographic and cultural face of the city, making it one of the most multicultural centres in the country.
• 1975: Foundation of the University of Wollongong. The transformation of the college into an independent university marked the transition to a "knowledge economy". The emergence of a major educational and scientific centre helped the city diversify its development, reducing dependence on heavy industry.
• 1980s – Present: Urban Revitalisation. The renewal programme for the city centre and the coastal zone (including the "Blue Mile" project) transformed former industrial and port areas into public spaces. This contributed to the growth of tourism appeal and an improvement in the quality of life for residents.

Wollongong's architectural appearance represents a visual chronicle of its urban development — from an early colonial settlement to a modern multifunctional city. Each era has left its mark in the form of iconic buildings and styles reflecting economic and social changes.

Early Colonial and Victorian Periods (1840s – 1880s)

In the mid-19th century, with the official foundation of the town and its establishment as an administrative centre, the first permanent structures began to appear. British styles, adapted to local conditions, dominated the architecture of this time.

• Styles: Early Victorian Classical and Victorian Gothic. These styles were used for the construction of churches and government buildings, symbolising stability and order.
• Iconic Buildings: Some of the oldest surviving buildings in the city belong to this period. Among them are the Old Court House (1858), the Congregational Church (1857) with elements of Classicism and Gothic, and the Catholic St Francis Xavier's Cathedral, the construction of which was completed in 1849. The building that now houses the Illawarra Museum (formerly the Post and Telegraph Office) was also built during this period (1864–1882).

Late Victorian and Federation Periods (1880s – 1915s)

Industrial growth associated with coal mining and the construction of the railway line to Sydney in 1887 contributed to the city's prosperity. Architecture became more decorative and confident, reflecting Wollongong's growing wealth.

• Styles: Victorian Free Classical and Federation style, the Australian interpretation of Edwardian architecture. Commercial buildings were characterised by richly decorated facades.
• Iconic Buildings: A striking example is the former East Wollongong Post Office (1892), designed by colonial architect James Barnet in the Victorian Free Classical style. The first Town Hall (1887) and numerous commercial buildings on Crown Street were also built during this time.

Inter-War Period and Art Deco (1920s – 1950s)

The launch of the steelworks in 1928 turned Wollongong into Australia's main industrial centre. The architecture of this time reflected global trends of modernism.

• Styles: Art Deco and Functionalism (Streamline Moderne), with their clean lines, geometric shapes, and nautical motifs.
• Iconic Buildings: Several notable examples of this style have been preserved in Wollongong. Among them are the North Wollongong Surf Life Saving Club (1936) and the North Beach Bather's Pavilion (1938), combining Functionalism with the Arts and Crafts style. The building that has housed the Wollongong Art Gallery since 1991 was built in the 1950s in the Art Deco style as the Council Administration Building. Art Deco features can also be found in church architecture, for example, in the bell tower of St Andrew's Presbyterian Church (1937).

Post-War and Modern Development (1950s – Present)

After World War II, the city continued to grow, and in the late 20th century, it began transforming from an industrial economy to an economy of knowledge and services. This was reflected in the construction of new educational, cultural, and public facilities.

• Styles: Modernism, Postmodernism, and contemporary architecture, characterised by functionality, the use of new materials (glass, steel, concrete), and bold forms.
• Iconic Objects: The development of the University of Wollongong, founded in 1975, led to the creation of a modern campus on its grounds with many buildings in modernist and contemporary styles. City centre renewal projects, such as the creation of the Crown Street Mall pedestrian zone and the construction of the Illawarra Performing Arts Centre, have shaped Wollongong's modern look, making it more people-oriented and culturally focused.

Notable Personalities Associated with Wollongong

Wollongong, with its rich industrial history and vibrant cultural life, has been the birthplace or a significant career stage for many famous Australians. The city has given the world figures in a wide variety of fields — from sports and the arts to science and politics.

Emma McKeon

Swimmer, Australia's most decorated Olympian

Born in Wollongong in 1994, Emma McKeon is a true legend of Australian swimming. Over her career, she has won 14 Olympic medals, making her the most decorated athlete in Australian history. Her incredible achievements on the world stage have brought fame to her hometown and serve as inspiration for young athletes across the country.

Brett Lee

Cricketer, one of the fastest bowlers in history

Brett Lee, born in Wollongong in 1976, is one of the most recognisable cricketers in the world. During his international career, he was recognised as one of the fastest bowlers in the history of the sport. After retiring from sports, he became a popular commentator and actor, maintaining ties with his hometown.

Alexander Volkanovski

Mixed Martial Arts fighter, UFC Champion

Alexander "The Great" Volkanovski was born in Wollongong in 1988 and became one of the most dominant fighters in UFC featherweight history. He was the first Australian-born fighter to win a UFC championship title and long held the top spots in the pound-for-pound rankings. Volkanovski is known for his resilience and connection to the local Wollongong community, where he lives and trains.

Natalie Bassingthwaighte

Singer, actress, and television presenter

Natalie Bassingthwaighte, born and raised in Wollongong, began her career in musical theatre before achieving national fame as the lead vocalist of the band Rogue Traders. She is also known for her roles in popular Australian television series and as a TV presenter, becoming one of the most versatile and popular figures in Australian show business.

Richard Tognetti

Violinist and conductor

Raised in Wollongong, Richard Tognetti is a world-renowned violinist and the Artistic Director of the Australian Chamber Orchestra. Under his leadership, the orchestra has received international acclaim. Tognetti is known for his innovative approach to classical music and is considered one of the most influential Australian musicians of his generation.

Rex Connor

Political figure

Rex Connor was an influential Australian politician who represented the Wollongong region in parliament. In the Gough Whitlam government, he served as Minister for Minerals and Energy. His work had a significant impact on Australia's natural resources policy in the 1970s and left a notable mark on the region's history.