Lanzhou history

The history of Lanzhou spans over two millennia, making it one of China's oldest and most strategically significant cities. Situated on the banks of the legendary Yellow River, it has served for centuries as a bridge between the country's eastern and western regions. The first settlements in the territory of modern Lanzhou existed over 2,000 years ago. The city, originally known as Jincheng ("Golden City"), was founded during the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Its creation was dictated by the need to strengthen the empire's western borders and control vital trade routes. From the very beginning, it functioned as an important military and administrative outpost.

Lanzhou owes its growth and prosperity to its unique geographical position. It became a key point on the Great Silk Road, the only major city on a 1,600 km stretch of the route. Caravans laden with silk, jade, paper, and other goods passed through here, contributing to the rapid development of trade. The city was not just a commercial hub but also a cultural crossroads where different peoples and religions met and interacted, including Buddhism, which spread into China along this very route.

The economy of ancient Lanzhou was built on trade and agriculture, which flourished thanks to the fertile lands along the Yellow River. The city hosted some of the largest markets in China, where goods from all over the world could be found. Cultural diversity was one of the city's main features: representatives of various ethnic groups lived side by side here, creating a unique and vibrant atmosphere. This rich historical heritage is still felt today on the streets of Lanzhou, which is rightfully called one of the cradles of Chinese civilization.

Key Milestones in the History of Lanzhou

The history of Lanzhou is a chronicle of strategic growth at the crossroads of cultures and trade routes. The city, whose roots go deep into antiquity, has played a key role in the development of Northwest China for centuries.

• 6th Century BC — The first settlements appear on the territory of modern Lanzhou, becoming part of the Qin state.
• 81 BC — During the Han Dynasty, Jincheng ("Golden City") commandery is founded here, becoming an important outpost on the empire's western frontiers.
• 4th Century AD — For a time, the city becomes the capital of the Former Liang state, one of the short-lived political entities of the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
• 581 — Under the Sui Dynasty, the city officially receives its current name — Lanzhou, inspired by the nearby Gaolan Mountains.
• 763 — Lanzhou is captured by the Tibetan Empire, reflecting the complex struggle for control over this strategic region.
• 843 — The city returns to the control of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, once again strengthening its position as a vital point on the Great Silk Road.
• 1235 — Lanzhou, like much of northern China, comes under Mongol rule during their campaigns of conquest.
• 1368–1644 — During the Ming Dynasty era, the city is fortified, and powerful defensive walls are built for protection against raids.
• 1666 — Lanzhou receives the status of the capital of Gansu Province, cementing its administrative importance in the region.
• 1909 — Construction is completed on the first permanent bridge across the Yellow River, known today as the Zhongshan Bridge, which replaced the old boat crossing.
• 1937–1945 — During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the city becomes a crucial transit point for supplies from the Soviet Union to China and is subjected to bombings.
• 1950s — After the establishment of the PRC, active industrialization begins in Lanzhou; the city turns into a major center for petrochemical and heavy industries.
• 2019 — The first metro line opens in the city, marking a new stage in the development of modern urban infrastructure.

Stages of the City's Transformation

The development of Lanzhou is the story of the transformation of an ancient outpost on the Silk Road into a modern industrial, scientific, and transport metropolis. Key transformations have shaped its current appearance.

• Acquiring Capital Status (1666). Designating Lanzhou as the capital of Gansu Province was a turning point that solidified its administrative and political significance. This promoted centralized governance, population growth, and the development of urban infrastructure, turning it into the main center of the entire region.
• Construction of the Zhongshan Bridge (1909). The erection of the first permanent bridge across the Yellow River was a true engineering breakthrough for its time. Built with the help of German specialists, the bridge connected the northern and southern parts of the city, replacing the unreliable ferry crossing. This event symbolized Lanzhou's entry into the era of modernization and radically improved logistics in the region.
• Industrialization (1950s). After the formation of the PRC, Lanzhou became one of the first cities to undergo large-scale industrialization. Major enterprises in petrochemical, mechanical engineering, and heavy industries were built here. This period completely changed the city's economic profile, transforming it from a trade center into a powerful industrial hub of Northwest China.
• Transformation into a Transport Hub (since the 1950s). Starting with the construction of the first railway in 1953, Lanzhou has systematically developed as a key transport node. Today, the city connects the east and west of the country via rail, road, and air routes, and the opening of the metro in 2019 marked a new stage in the development of urban mobility.
• Scientific and Educational Rise (2nd half of the 20th century – present). The city has become an important center for science and education. Major universities, such as Lanzhou University, and branches of the Chinese Academy of Sciences are located here. This has contributed to the development of intellectual potential, the attraction of specialists, and the formation of an innovative environment.
• Ecological Rehabilitation (late 20th – early 21st century). After decades of rapid industrial growth, Lanzhou faced serious environmental problems. Since the late 1990s, large-scale programs have been launched to improve air and water quality, including greening the mountains, creating parks along the Yellow River, and modernizing production facilities. These measures have significantly improved the urban environment.

The architectural appearance of Lanzhou represents a multi-layered canvas where traditional Chinese motifs intertwine with Soviet functionalism and ultra-modern skyscrapers. The city's development, dictated by its strategic position on the Silk Road and later its role as an industrial center, is directly reflected in its built environment.

Traditional Architecture and Dynastic Heritage

The historical core of Lanzhou has preserved elements of classical Chinese architecture characteristic of the Ming and Qing dynasties. A striking example is the White Pagoda Mountain Park (Baitashan), home to the seven-tiered pagoda itself, built during the Yuan era and reconstructed under the Ming. The complex includes temple structures with curved roofs, wooden columns, and traditional decor, creating an atmosphere of ancient China. Such structures, as well as ancient city temples like the Chenghuangmiao Temple, serve as reminders of the city's rich cultural and religious past.

Engineering Heritage and First Steps Towards Modernism

The beginning of the 20th century marked an important technological breakthrough for Lanzhou — the construction of the Zhongshan Bridge in 1909. This steel bridge, which became the first permanent bridge across the turbulent Yellow River, was erected with the help of German engineers. Its concise yet robust design became a symbol of modernization and a departure from traditional construction methods. The bridge not only solved a critical transport task but also became an architectural monument demonstrating the city's openness to new technologies.

Soviet Influence and Industrial Development

From the 1950s, following Lanzhou's transformation into a major industrial center, its architectural look began to change radically. During this period, functionalism dominated, largely inspired by Soviet urban planning. The city was built up with standardized residential blocks, administrative buildings, and massive industrial complexes. The main principles were speed of construction and utility, while decorative elements took a back seat. This development still forms a significant part of the urban landscape, especially in older industrial districts.

Modern Metropolis: Glass and Steel

In recent decades, Lanzhou has been experiencing a construction boom characteristic of all of China. Modern skyscrapers, shopping and entertainment centers, and office buildings in the styles of modernism and postmodernism are being actively erected in the city. New architectural landmarks are appearing, such as the Yellow River Tower, which combines traditional forms with modern materials. The development of the Lanzhou New Area demonstrates a transition to comprehensive territorial development with futuristic architecture and well-thought-out infrastructure, symbolizing the economic power and ambitions of the modern city.

Urban Planning Features

A unique feature of Lanzhou's urban development is its linear structure. The city stretches along the narrow valley of the Yellow River and is sandwiched between mountain ranges. This geographical feature determined the main axis of construction and the development of transport arteries. Modern planning is aimed at creating a comfortable urban environment: extensive park zones, such as Binhe Park, have been established along the river, and the launch of the metro helps solve the transport problems of this elongated metropolis.

Distinguished Figures Connected to Lanzhou

Lanzhou, having been an important political, scientific, and cultural center in Northwest China for centuries, has been the birthplace or base of operations for many iconic figures whose contributions are felt on a national scale.

• Zuo Zongtang (1812–1885) — Statesman and military leader of the Qing Dynasty. Although not a native of Lanzhou, his work as the Viceroy of Shaanxi and Gansu is inextricably linked to the city. He established some of China's first modern industrial enterprises here, including a wool factory, which marked the beginning of the region's industrialization. His residence was in Lanzhou, from where he directed the strengthening of the empire's northwestern borders.
• Duan Huiquan (1887–1949) — Military and political figure. A native of Gansu Province, he was one of the influential generals in the Northwest Clique during the Republic of China period. His activities were closely linked to Lanzhou, which was a key center of political and military struggle for control over Northwest China at the time.
• Qin Dahe (born 1947) — Distinguished glaciologist and climatologist. Born in Lanzhou, he is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research on glaciers and climate change, largely conducted at Lanzhou's scientific institutes, has brought him international recognition and made a huge contribution to the understanding of global climate processes.
• Shui Junyi (born 1963) — Famous TV journalist and presenter. Born and raised in Lanzhou, he became one of the most recognizable faces of China Central Television (CCTV). He gained fame for his reports from conflict zones and interviews with world leaders, becoming a symbol of Chinese international journalism.
• Huang Xuan (born 1985) — Popular contemporary actor. A native of Lanzhou, he achieved widespread fame thanks to roles in numerous successful films and television series, such as "The Legend of Mi Yue" and "Blind Massage". Huang Xuan is considered one of the leading actors of his generation in China.
• Ge Jialing — Contemporary writer. Originally from Lanzhou, he is known for his works that deeply and realistically describe the life and daily routine of people in Northwest China. His creative work helps to better understand the culture and social realities of this unique region.