Zhanjiang history

Foundation and Early Mentions

The history of the territory where modern Zhanjiang is located spans over two millennia. The first administrative structures appeared here during the Han Dynasty, when Xuwen County was established in 111 BC to govern the Leizhou Peninsula. Over the centuries, the region developed, changing its administrative status: from the Leizhou Region during the Tang Dynasty to the Leizhou Prefecture under the Ming Dynasty. However, until the late 19th century, the area that is now the city centre was merely a small fishing port.

Key Development Factors

Fundamental changes in Zhanjiang's history occurred in the late 19th century. The key factors in its formation were:

• Geographical Location: Its strategically advantageous position on the coast of the South China Sea made it attractive for maritime trade. The city is located on the Leizhou Peninsula and serves as a vital port.
• External Influence: In 1899, the territory was leased to France and named Kwangchow Wan. The French planned to build a port here to serve their interests in the region. Although their plans were not fully realised, this period provided an impetus for the development of urban infrastructure.
• Return to Chinese Jurisdiction: In 1946, the territory was returned to China, and the city was restored to its original name — Zhanjiang. Following this, active development of industry and agriculture began, and the port of Zhanjiang became one of the largest in the country.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

Initially, the region's economy was based on fishing and agriculture. With the arrival of the French, the development of port infrastructure and trade began. Culturally, the city absorbed both traditional Chinese features and elements of European architecture, which can still be seen on old streets, for example, in the Chikan district. During this period, iconic structures such as the Catholic church were built, becoming symbols of the French presence. After World War II, Zhanjiang transformed into an important industrial centre with developed shipbuilding, textile, and chemical industries.

Key Dates in Zhanjiang's History

The history of Zhanjiang and the lands on which it stands is a centuries-old chronicle reflecting the change of dynasties, colonial influence, and rapid modernisation. Below are the key events that shaped the appearance of the modern city.

• 111 BC — During the Han Dynasty, Xuwen County was established on the Leizhou Peninsula, marking the beginning of administrative governance in the region.
• 634 — In the Tang Dynasty era, the Leizhou Region was formed, becoming an important centre in southern China.
• 1368 — With the rise of the Ming Dynasty, the Leizhou Prefecture was established, strengthening the region's status.
• 1899 — The territory was leased to France and named Kwangchow Wan, marking the beginning of a period of European influence.
• 1943 — During World War II, the city was occupied by Japanese troops.
• 1946 — After the end of the war, the territory was officially returned to China and received its modern name — Zhanjiang.
• 1949 — At the end of the civil war, the city came under the control of communist forces.
• 1956 — The construction of a modern seaport was completed, becoming one of the most important on the southern coast of China.
• 1984 — Zhanjiang was declared one of China's first 14 "Open Coastal Cities", which gave a powerful boost to its economic development and modernisation.

Major Development Milestones

Zhanjiang has come a long way from a small fishing port to a strategically important economic centre in southern China. Its modern development was defined by several key stages that transformed the urban environment, economy, and culture.

• The French Period and Laying Foundations (1899–1946): The lease of the territory to France under the name Kwangchow Wan became a turning point. During this time, the foundations of modern urban planning were laid, especially in the historic Chikan district, where colonial architecture is preserved to this day. This period spurred the development of port infrastructure and international trade.
• Construction of the Modern Port (1950s): After returning to Chinese jurisdiction, the construction of the first modern deep-water port began, designed and built by the PRC. This turned Zhanjiang into one of the most vital maritime hubs of South China, capable of accommodating large vessels and servicing foreign trade flows.
• "Open Coastal City" Status (1984): The inclusion of Zhanjiang among China's first 14 "open" cities provided a powerful impulse for economic growth. This status attracted significant foreign investment and facilitated the creation of economic and technological development zones, leading to industrial diversification.
• Development of Key Industries: The city became a major centre for the petrochemical, steel, and paper industries. Machinery manufacturing and the food industry, based on rich marine resources, also play important roles.
• Creation of Modern Transport Infrastructure: In recent decades, large-scale projects have been implemented, including the construction of the Zhanjiang Bay Bridge, airport modernisation, and integration into the high-speed rail network. This has significantly improved transport accessibility and strengthened the city's logistical capabilities.
• Becoming a Centre of Marine Economy: Zhanjiang is actively developing sea-related sectors: from shipbuilding and servicing offshore oil platforms to aquaculture, being a leader in shrimp production.
• Tourism Development: The city successfully utilises its unique heritage. Tourists are attracted by the combination of historic quarters with French architecture, picturesque beaches, and its reputation as a gastronomic hub known for its incredibly fresh seafood.

The architectural landscape of Zhanjiang represents a visual history of the city, where traditional Chinese motifs intertwine with European colonial heritage and are complemented by large-scale projects of the modern era. Each period has left its unique mark on the urban appearance.

French Colonial Heritage (1899–1946)

The most distinct and unique architectural layer of Zhanjiang was formed during the period of the French lease, when the city bore the name Kwangchow Wan. Historic districts, especially Chikan and Xiashan, still preserve the atmosphere of that time. This period is characterised by colonial architecture combining European styles, predominantly Neoclassicism, with elements adapted to the local climate: high ceilings, wide verandas, and shutters.

• Iconic Buildings: Key monuments of the era include the former French Mission building, distinguished by its red walls and elegant forms, and the Xiashan Catholic Church, built in 1900. These structures serve as vivid examples of the synthesis of European architectural thought and local building traditions.
• Urban Planning: French engineers laid the foundation for the modern layout of central streets, creating blocks with a clear grid and wide avenues, which contrasted with the traditional chaotic development.

Socialist Period and Modernisation (1950s – 1980s)

After the city's return to China and up until the beginning of the "Open Door" policy, Zhanjiang's architecture developed under Soviet influence and functionalism. During this period, the main focus was on the construction of industrial enterprises, residential quarters for workers, and public buildings. The architecture was utilitarian, devoid of decorative excesses, with a predominance of simple geometric forms. It was then that the foundations of Zhanjiang as a major industrial and port centre were laid.

Modern Era (1984 – Present)

Having received the status of one of the first "Open Coastal Cities", Zhanjiang entered a phase of rapid urban development. The city's modern architecture reflects its economic growth and global trends. It is characterised by:

• Large-scale Infrastructure Projects: The construction of objects such as the Zhanjiang Bay Bridge changed not only transport logistics but also the city's panorama.
• High-rise Construction: Numerous modern residential complexes, office centres, and hotels made of glass and concrete in the international style have appeared.
• New Public Spaces: A striking example of modern architecture is the Zhanjiang Sports Centre, demonstrating bold engineering and design solutions.

Today, Zhanjiang's urban development is aimed at creating a harmonious space where historical heritage coexists with ultra-modern buildings, reflecting the dynamic character of this coastal metropolis.

Prominent Figures Associated with Zhanjiang

The city of Zhanjiang and its surroundings have given China and the world many talented people who have excelled in various fields — from diplomacy and science to sports and the arts. Here are some of them:

• Chen Lanbin (1816–1895) — A distinguished scholar and diplomat of the Qing era. A native of Wuchuan County (now part of Zhanjiang), he became China's first ambassador to the USA, Spain, and Peru. His work laid the foundations for China's diplomatic relations with these countries and helped protect the rights of Chinese emigrants abroad.
• Lin Shaotang (1786–1872) — Another famous native of Wuchuan, a scholar who achieved the highest recognition by taking first place (Zhuangyuan) in the imperial capital examinations. This achievement was considered the pinnacle of a career for any intellectual in imperial China, and his name became a symbol of the region's education and talent.
• He Chong (born 1987) — A world-renowned diver and Olympic champion. Born in Zhanjiang, he repeatedly became a world and Asian Games champion, bringing fame to his hometown on the international sports arena.
• Quan Hongchan (born 2007) — A young star of modern sports, a diver. She caused a sensation by winning a gold medal at the Tokyo Olympic Games in 2020 at the age of just 14, and repeated her success at the Games in Paris. Her story has inspired millions of people around the world.
• Liu Ou (born 1986) — A celebrated athlete specialising in synchronised swimming. As a native of Zhanjiang, she made a significant contribution to China's medal tally, becoming an Olympic medallist and world champion.