Pardubice history

Foundation and First Mentions

The history of Pardubice traces its roots back to the late 13th century. Although settlements existed in this territory earlier, the key date in the city's chronicles is considered to be 1295. It was then that Pope Boniface VIII issued a bull confirming the existence of a monastery of the Cyriac order and the Church of St. Bartholomew here. This event solidified the settlement's status as an important religious and administrative centre.

Key Factors of Development

The transformation of Pardubice from a small settlement into a flourishing city was made possible by a combination of several factors:

• Geographical Location: The city emerged in a strategically advantageous spot — at the confluence of the rivers Elbe (Labe) and Chrudimka. This provided not only natural protection but also access to vital waterways.
• Political Influence: A significant role was played by the noble family of the Lords of Pardubice. The most outstanding representative of the dynasty was Arnošt of Pardubice — the first Archbishop of Prague and a close advisor to Emperor Charles IV. His influence contributed to obtaining city status around 1340.
• The Pernštejn Era: In the late 15th century, the city was acquired by Vilém of Pernštejn. It was this family that transformed the medieval fortress into a magnificent Renaissance residence and laid the foundation for the layout of the historic centre.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

The economy of early Pardubice was based on agriculture and a unique system of pond fish farming, which was actively developed by the Pernštejns. The creation of an extensive network of ponds and canals (the Opatovice Canal) was an engineering masterpiece of that time and brought significant wealth to the city.

The city's cultural identity is closely linked to the legend of its coat of arms, which depicts a white half-horse. Tradition says that during a military campaign in the 12th century, an ancestor of the local lords displayed exceptional courage, returning from an enemy fortress with only the front part of his horse after a heavy portcullis severed the rear section. This symbol became a mark of the citizens' courage and pride.

Key Dates in the History of Pardubice

• 1295 — Pope Boniface VIII issues a bull containing the first written mention of the settlement and the local monastery.
• Around 1340 — Thanks to the efforts of Arnošt of Pardubice, the settlement officially receives city status.
• 1491 — Vilém of Pernštejn acquires the estate, beginning a "Golden Age" of development and turning the city into the family residence.
• 1538 — Following a devastating fire, the historic centre is completely rebuilt in a unified Renaissance style, which remains to this day.
• 1845 — The first train arrives in the city on the Olomouc–Prague line, stimulating rapid industrial growth.
• 1874 — The first "Velká pardubická" steeplechase takes place, becoming one of the most challenging and prestigious horse races in Europe.
• 1911 — Engineer Jan Kašpar completes the historic first long-distance flight from Pardubice to Prague, establishing the city as the cradle of Czech aviation.
• 1950 — Opening of the Institute of Chemical Technology, defining the region's scientific specialisation for decades to come.
• 1994 — Foundation of the University of Pardubice, which cemented the city's status as an important educational hub.
• 2010 — Pardubice Castle receives the status of a National Cultural Monument of the Czech Republic.

Stages of Development and Their Significance

The history of Pardubice is a journey from a medieval stronghold to a modern industrial and university centre. The city's key transformations can be divided into several landmark stages that defined its current appearance and status.

• The Pernštejn Era and Renaissance (15th–16th centuries)

  Turning the city into the ancestral residence of the powerful Pernštejns became an urban planning revolution. After the fire of 1538, a unified architectural ensemble in the Renaissance style was formed. Significance: A unique historic centre with painted facades and a castle was established, which today serves as the region's main tourist magnet.

• Transformation into a Railway Hub (1845)

  Connection to the Olomouc–Prague railway line, and subsequently to other directions, brought Pardubice out of isolation. The city became the most critical transport hub of Eastern Bohemia. Significance: Transport accessibility gave a powerful boost to trade and attracted investors, predetermining the city's industrial future.

• Industrialisation and Chemical Industry (Late 19th – 20th centuries)

  The construction of David Fanto's oil refinery and an explosives plant (now Explosia) formed the city's economic profile. Significance: Pardubice established itself as the capital of the Czech chemical industry, ensuring jobs and economic stability for a century ahead.

• Birth of Czech Aviation (1910–1911)

  The experiments of engineer Jan Kašpar and his famous flight to Prague made the city the cradle of aeronautics. Significance: This legacy led to the creation of an airport, the development of flying clubs, and the hosting of the prestigious "Aviation Fair" air show, which has become part of the city's cultural code.

• Urbanism of Josef Gočár (Early 20th century)

  Renowned architect Josef Gočár designed a number of buildings in the functionalist and cubist styles (for example, the Grand Hotel and the Anglo-Czechoslovak Bank building). Significance: The city acquired a modern European appearance, harmoniously combining medieval heritage with progressive 20th-century architecture.

• Rise as a University Centre (1950–1994)

  The opening of the Institute of Chemical Technology, later transformed into the University of Pardubice, changed the population's social structure. Significance: The influx of students and the development of science rejuvenated the city, turning it into a centre of innovation and education that goes beyond mere industrial production.

Architectural Evolution: From Fortress to Functionalism

The architectural appearance of Pardubice is unique in that two distinct historical layers coexist harmoniously here: the magnificent Renaissance centre created in the 16th century, and the bold modernist development of the early 20th century. The city is often called an open-air textbook of architecture, where every period has left a clear mark on the urban fabric.

Gothic and Renaissance: The Pernštejn Legacy

The historic core of the city was formed during the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. A decisive moment was the fire of 1538, after which the city was rebuilt according to a unified plan.

• Gothic Foundation: The oldest surviving elements belong to the Gothic period. A striking example is the Church of St. Bartholomew, erected in the late 13th century. Its massive walls and high vaults remind one of the times when the city was a fortress.
• Renaissance Flourishing: Under the influence of the Pernštejn family, the city acquired its current historic look. Pardubice Castle is a rare example of the transition from a defensive fortress to a comfortable aristocratic residence. The facades of houses on Pernštýn Square are adorned with terracotta elements and elaborate gables, creating a unified ensemble that has been preserved almost in its original state.
• Green Gate (Zelená brána): A symbol of the city, combining a Gothic tower with a Renaissance superstructure and a copper roof, which oxidised over time to give the gate its name.

Baroque: Religious Accents

Unlike many other Czech cities, the Baroque style in Pardubice is not as large-scale, but it is expressive. This style mainly affected religious structures and small architectural forms in the 17th–18th centuries.

• Marian Column: A plague column on the main square, erected in gratitude for deliverance from an epidemic, is a classic example of Baroque sculpture.
• Church of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary: One of the oldest churches in the city, which underwent Baroque interior modifications at various times.

Modernism and Functionalism: Josef Gočár’s City

In the early 20th century, Pardubice experienced a second architectural boom. Thanks to the work of the outstanding architect Josef Gočár, the city turned into a centre of modern Czech urbanism.

• Rondocubism and Functionalism: Buildings designed by Gočár are distinguished by geometric rigour and functionality. Landmark objects include the Grand Hotel and the District House building, which gave the city a metropolitan polish.
• Industrial Architecture: The Winternitz Automatic Mills (Winternitzovy automatické mlýny) are considered a masterpiece of industrial architecture. This monumental brick building on the banks of the Chrudimka River resembles a fairytale castle but is executed in the strict forms of early modernism. Today, it serves as the city's cultural hub.
• Crematorium: Built according to Pavel Janák's design in the Art Deco and Rondocubism styles, it is an architectural monument of global significance.

Modern Development

The modern stage of Pardubice's development is characterised by the careful renovation of industrial heritage and the expansion of the university campus. New buildings, such as the airport terminal or the University of Pardubice facilities, follow traditions of minimalism without disrupting the city's historical panorama.

Distinguished Figures of Pardubice

The history of Pardubice is inextricably linked with the names of great architects, engineers, athletes, and statesmen who brought fame to the city far beyond the borders of the Czech Republic.

• Arnošt of Pardubice (1297–1364)
  First Archbishop of Prague and Diplomat
  One of the most influential figures of the European Middle Ages. He was the closest advisor to Emperor Charles IV and played a key role in the founding of Charles University in Prague. It was thanks to his patronage that Pardubice received city status in the 14th century, laying the foundation for future development.
• Vilém of Pernštejn (1435–1521)
  Supreme Marshal of the Kingdom of Bohemia and Magnate
  A man referred to as the "second founder" of the city. He transformed the medieval fortress into a thriving Renaissance residence and created a unique pond farming system that became the backbone of the region's economy for centuries. His urban planning decisions define the appearance of the historic centre to this day.
• Jan Perner (1815–1845)
  Engineer and Railway Builder
  He led the construction of the vital railway line from Olomouc to Prague. It was thanks to his efforts that the railway passed through Pardubice, turning the city into the main transport hub of Eastern Bohemia. He tragically died as a result of an accident near the local station.
• Jan Kašpar (1883–1927)
  Aviation Pioneer and Constructor
  The first Czech pilot. In 1910, he performed the first successful flight on Czech territory, and in 1911, he completed the famous long-distance flight from Pardubice to Prague (Velká Chuchle), forever securing the city's status as the cradle of Czech aviation.
• Josef Gočár (1880–1945)
  Architect and Urban Planner
  One of the founders of modern Czech architecture. He designed a landmark ensemble of buildings in the city centre, including the Grand Hotel, the Anglo-Czechoslovak Bank building, and the Winternitz Automatic Mills, giving Pardubice a unique look in the styles of Functionalism and Rondocubism.
• Baron Artur Kraus (1854–1930)
  Astronomer and Science Populariser
  He founded the first public observatory in the Czech lands in Pardubice, accessible to the general public. He was also a pioneer in photography, tennis, skiing, and aviation, actively supporting the experiments of Jan Kašpar.
• Dominik Hašek (born 1965)
  Ice Hockey Goaltender
  A native of Pardubice who began his brilliant sports career here. An Olympic champion (Nagano 1998) and two-time Stanley Cup winner, he is considered one of the best goaltenders in the history of world hockey, bringing global fame to the local hockey school.