Dusseldorf history

The history of Dusseldorf goes back centuries, although it only received city status in the late Middle Ages. The first settlements at the confluence of the Rhine and the Dussel rivers, from which the city received its name, existed as early as the 7th and 8th centuries. However, its official history begins significantly later.

The foundation and first mentions of the city in historical documents became a key stage in its formation. The first written mention of a settlement called "Dusseldorp" dates back to 1135. At that time, it was a small village that grew in a strategically important location. A turning point in the history of Dusseldorf was the year 1288, when Count Adolf V of Berg granted it city status. This occurred after the Count's victory in the Battle of Worringen over the Archbishop of Cologne, who opposed the strengthening of his neighbour.

The further development of the city was determined by several key factors of formation. Firstly, its advantageous geographical location on the banks of the Rhine, one of Europe's main trade arteries, facilitated the growth of trade. Secondly, political will played an important role: in 1385, Dusseldorf became the capital and residence of the Dukes of Berg. This attracted nobility and resources to the city, leading to the construction of a castle and fortifications. The city began to actively expand and strengthen.

Speaking of early cultural and economic features, it is worth noting that upon becoming the capital of the duchy, Dusseldorf began to transform not only into a political centre but also a cultural one. Particularly significant was the contribution of Elector Johann Wilhelm (known as Jan Wellem) in the 17th-18th centuries, who made the city his residence and actively patronised the arts, founding a famous art gallery. Under Duke Wilhelm V in the 16th century, Dusseldorf also became a regional centre for the humanities. The city's economy relied on trade along the Rhine and serving the ducal court, which laid the foundation for its future prosperity.

Key Milestones in the History of Dusseldorf

The history of Dusseldorf is a journey from a humble fishing settlement to one of the leading economic and cultural centres of Germany. Below are the main events that shaped the appearance and character of the modern city.

• 1135 — The first written mention of the settlement "Dusseldorp" in historical documents.
• 1288 — Count Adolf V of Berg grants Dusseldorf city status following his victory at the Battle of Worringen.
• 1385 — The city becomes the capital and residence of the Dukes of Berg, giving a powerful impetus to its development and expansion.
• 1690s – 1716 — During the reign of Elector Johann Wilhelm (Jan Wellem), Dusseldorf transforms into a significant centre of art and culture.
• 1806–1813 — During the Napoleonic Wars, the city becomes the capital of the Grand Duchy of Berg, and Napoleon's visit in 1811 gave rise to the legendary nickname "Little Paris".
• 1815 — Following the Congress of Vienna, Dusseldorf comes under the rule of the Kingdom of Prussia.
• Mid-19th Century — The beginning of the Industrial Revolution turns Dusseldorf into a major industrial centre, often referred to as the "Desk of the Ruhr Region".
• 1882 — The city's population exceeds 100,000, officially securing its status as a major city (Großstadt).
• 1940–1945 — During the Second World War, the city is subjected to massive bombing, resulting in the destruction or damage of about 90% of buildings.
• 1946 — Dusseldorf is chosen as the capital of the newly formed federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, determining its post-war development as an important political and administrative centre.
• Late 20th – Early 21st Century — The city successfully transforms from an industrial hub into a centre of fashion, media, and modern technology, symbolised by the revitalised MedienHafen district.

The history of Dusseldorf is a path from a modest settlement on the banks of the Rhine to one of the leading economic and cultural centres of Germany. The key stages of this transformation reflect its dynamic development and resilience in the face of historical challenges.

• Foundation and gaining city status. The first written mention of the settlement "Dusseldorp" dates back to 1135. A turning point was 1288, when Count Adolf V of Berg granted Dusseldorf city status after his victory in the Battle of Worringen. This status laid the foundation for future growth and self-governance.
• Capital of the Duchy of Berg. In 1385, Dusseldorf became the capital and residence of the Dukes of Berg. This event attracted nobility, craftsmen, and resources to the city, facilitating the construction of a castle and fortifications, and turning it into an important political centre of the region.
• Cultural flourishing under Jan Wellem. During the reign of Elector Johann Wilhelm (17th-18th centuries), known as Jan Wellem, the city experienced a true cultural boom. He made Dusseldorf his residence and actively patronised the arts, founding a famous art gallery, which turned the city into a sophisticated centre of culture.
• Industrial Revolution of the 19th Century. Industrialisation radically changed the face of Dusseldorf, turning it into a major industrial hub of the Rhineland. The development of railways and trade contributed to rapid population growth — by 1882 it exceeded 100,000 people.
• Post-war reconstruction. The city suffered significant destruction during the Second World War, with about half of the buildings destroyed. However, active reconstruction began after the war.
• Capital of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1946, Dusseldorf was declared the capital of the newly formed federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. This status gave a powerful impetus to the city's development as an administrative, political, and economic centre, earning it the nickname "The Writing Desk of the Ruhr".
• Centre of fashion and business. Since the mid-20th century, Dusseldorf has established itself as one of Germany's main business and financial centres. The city has become the capital of German fashion thanks to hosting major exhibitions such as Gallery and SUPREME, and the presence of over 800 showrooms.

The architectural appearance of Dusseldorf is a fascinating journey through the centuries, where each period has left its unique mark. From medieval churches to futuristic buildings, the city demonstrates a rich variety of styles reflecting its eventful history.

The Middle Ages and Gothic

The heart of historic Dusseldorf, the Altstadt (Old Town) district, has preserved the spirit of the Middle Ages. The dominant feature of this era is the Basilica of St. Lambertus (Basilika St. Lambertus), founded in the 13th century. This is the oldest building in the city, built in the Brick Gothic style, famous for its slightly "twisted" spire, which has become one of the symbols of Dusseldorf. The construction of the three-nave basilica was completed in 1394, and it still serves as the city's main Catholic church.

Renaissance and Baroque

The era of the Dukes of Berg and Elector Jan Wellem brought opulence and elegance to the city. The Old Town Hall, construction of which began in the 16th century, is located on the Market Square (Marktplatz). However, the most striking example of this period is the magnificent Benrath Palace (Schloss Benrath), located in the south of the city. Built in the 1770s for Elector Carl Theodor, this palace and park ensemble is considered a masterpiece of Rococo style with elements of early Classicism. Its delicate pink facade, exquisite interiors, and extensive park attract architecture connoisseurs from all over the world.

Classicism and the Industrial Era

In the 19th century, especially after coming under Prussian rule, Dusseldorf was actively developed. During this time, the famous Königsallee was planned and created — an elegant boulevard with a canal in the middle, framed by buildings in the Classicist style. The Industrial Revolution also left its mark, with numerous factory buildings and residential quarters appearing in the Brick Expressionist style characteristic of the Ruhr region.

Post-War Modernism

After massive destruction in the Second World War, Dusseldorf was practically rebuilt, becoming a showcase of the German "economic miracle". The brightest symbol of this revival is the Dreischeibenhaus skyscraper (also known as the Thyssen-Hochhaus), built in 1960. This elegant glass and steel building in the International Style is still considered one of the most significant examples of post-war modernism in Germany.

Contemporary Architecture and Postmodernism

Modern Dusseldorf represents bold and innovative architecture. The main centre of attraction has become the former port area, transformed into the MedienHafen (Media Harbour) district. Here, old warehouses coexist with futuristic office buildings designed by global stars of architecture. The "New Zollhof" (Neuer Zollhof) complex by the famous architect Frank Gehry has acquired special fame. These three "dancing" buildings with asymmetrical forms and different facade materials have become the calling card of the new, creative, and dynamic Dusseldorf.

Outstanding Personalities in the History of Dusseldorf

Throughout its history, Dusseldorf has been a home and a place of attraction for many talented people who have left a noticeable mark on world culture, science, and art. From ruler-patrons to pioneers of electronic music, these personalities shaped the unique character of the city.

Heinrich Heine (1797–1856)

Poet, publicist, and critic. The most famous native of Dusseldorf, Heine is considered the last great poet of the "Romantic era" and one of the most significant German-language authors. His works, full of irony and lyricism, have been translated into many languages. In the city, a university, an institute, and one of the central avenues bear his name.

Johann Wilhelm II (Jan Wellem) (1658–1716)

Elector Palatine and Duke of Jülich-Berg. Although he was not the founder of the city, it was his rule that turned Dusseldorf into a thriving centre of art and culture. Jan Wellem made the city his main residence, attracted artists here, and founded the famous art gallery, laying the foundation for cultural flourishing. His equestrian statue still adorns the Market Square.

Robert Schumann (1810–1856)

Composer and conductor. One of the greatest composers of the Romantic era, Schumann spent several important, albeit tragic, years of his life in Dusseldorf, working as the municipal music director. During this period, he created the famous "Rhenish Symphony". The local University of Music bears his name.

Joseph Beuys (1921–1986)

Artist, sculptor, and art theorist. One of the key figures of European postmodernism, Beuys was a professor at the Dusseldorf Art Academy for many years. His revolutionary ideas and performances had a huge influence on contemporary art worldwide. Beuys turned Dusseldorf into one of the centres of the artistic avant-garde.

Kraftwerk

Musical group. Founded in Dusseldorf in 1970 by Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider, the group Kraftwerk is considered a pioneer of electronic music. Their innovative sound and "robot-pop" aesthetic influenced countless musicians and laid the foundations for genres such as synth-pop, techno, and hip-hop.

Wim Wenders (born 1945)

Film director, screenwriter, and photographer. Wenders was born in Dusseldorf and is one of the most famous representatives of New German Cinema. His films, such as "Wings of Desire" and "Paris, Texas", have received global acclaim and numerous prestigious awards, including the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.