Aligarh history

The history of Aligarh is rooted in deep antiquity, when the city was known as Kol (or Koil). According to some records, the first settlements on this site existed as early as the 12th century. The strategic importance of the city was underscored by the presence of a fortress, which was rebuilt and fortified over the centuries. In the 16th century, a fort was erected, which was later significantly strengthened. The city received its current name—Aligarh—in the 18th century.

The growth and development of Aligarh were driven by several key factors:

• Strategic Location: The city is situated in the fertile Doab region, between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, making it an important hub on trade and military routes.
• Military Significance: The famous Aligarh Fort (Aligarh Qila) was considered one of the most impregnable in India. Control over it meant control over a vast territory, attracting the attention of various rulers, including the Mughals, the Marathas, and the British.
• Political Centre: In different historical periods, the city served as an important administrative and military centre for successive dynasties, which contributed to its growth.

Since ancient times, Aligarh has been known as a vital trading hub. One of the most famous industries born here was lock manufacturing, earning the city the nickname "Tala Nagri" (City of Locks). This industry remains Aligarh's trademark today, with products exported worldwide. The cultural and educational landscape of the city changed radically in the 19th century with the founding of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Later, this institution was transformed into the renowned Aligarh Muslim University, which became one of India's leading educational centres.

Key Dates in the History of Aligarh

• 372 AD — According to some versions, it was during this time that the Dor Rajput tribe founded a settlement on the site of modern Aligarh, then known as Kol.
• 1194 — Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the first Sultan of Delhi, captures the Kol fortress, which was known as "one of the most celebrated fortresses of Hindustan".
• 1524-1525 — During the reign of Ibrahim Lodi, the local ruler Muhammad ibn Umar builds a fort and renames the city Muhammadgarh.
• Mid-18th Century — The city receives its current name, Aligarh, from the Shia commander Najaf Khan, who captured the territory.
• 1759 — The Maratha ruler Madhavrao I Scindia takes control of the city and the fort.
• 1803 — The Battle of Aligarh takes place, during which British troops under the command of General Gerard Lake capture the fort from the Marathas, marking a significant event in the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
• 1804 — The British officially form the Aligarh district by merging several administrative units.
• 1875 — Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founds the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, laying the foundation for a future centre of education.
• 1920 — The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College is granted university status and becomes Aligarh Muslim University, one of India's premier higher education institutions.

The history of Aligarh, a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, spans many centuries. During this time, it has evolved from a small fortress into a major industrial and educational hub. The main stages of its development reflect key cultural and economic transformations in the region.

• Ancient History and the Name Koil: Initially, the city was known as Koil (or Kol). The first mentions of it date back to the 12th century. Due to its strategic location between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, it was an important point on trade routes and attracted the attention of various rulers.
• Construction of the Fort and a New Name: In the 16th century, a fort was erected here, which was later repeatedly rebuilt and fortified. It was this powerful defensive structure, considered one of the most impregnable in India, that gave the city its modern name—Aligarh, which means "high fort".
• Founding of Aligarh Muslim University: A turning point in the city's cultural life was the founding of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875 by the reformer Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. In 1920, the college was transformed into Aligarh Muslim University, which remains one of India's leading educational institutions and a major intellectual centre to this day.
• Centre of the Lock Industry: Since the 19th century, Aligarh began to develop as a centre for metalworking. It gained particular fame for the production of locks, earning the city the unofficial title of "Tala Nagri" (City of Locks). This industry became the backbone of the local economy, and products began to be exported all over the world.
• Development of Brass Production: Along with locks, the city became famous for manufacturing brass fittings, hardware, and artistic metalware. The craftsmanship of local artisans allowed Aligarh to occupy an important place on the country's industrial map.
• Role During British Rule: In 1803, following the Battle of Aligarh, the city came under the control of the British East India Company. This period was marked by administrative reforms and further infrastructure development.
• Modern Aligarh: Today, Aligarh is a dynamically developing city that combines rich historical heritage with its role as an important educational and industrial centre in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

The architectural appearance of Aligarh represents a multi-layered canvas upon which different eras and rulers have left their marks. From powerful military fortifications to elegant buildings of the colonial period, the city demonstrates a fusion of several architectural traditions that have shaped its unique character.

Early and Medieval Architecture: Aligarh Fort

The central element of the city's early architecture is the Aligarh Fort (Aligarh Qila), which served as the region's main military bastion for centuries. Originally built in the 16th century, it was rebuilt and fortified many times, including by French engineers in the service of the Marathas. Its architecture is primarily utilitarian and military in nature: massive walls, bastions, and a deep moat surrounding it. Although much of the fort lies in ruins today, its outlines remind us of the times when Aligarh was a key point on the map of military conflicts in North India.

Indo-Saracenic Style: Aligarh Muslim University

The most significant architectural ensemble that has defined the city's appearance is the campus of Aligarh Muslim University (AMU). Founded in 1875, it became a striking example of the Indo-Saracenic style, which was popular in British India. This style eclectically combines elements of Islamic, Hindu, and Victorian Neo-Gothic architecture. In the university buildings, one can see characteristic features of this movement:

• Pointed Arches and Domes: Many buildings are adorned with domes reminiscent of Mughal architecture.
• Decorative Elements: The use of intricate stone lattice screens (jali), carved eaves (chhajja), and small pavilions (chhatri) gives the buildings an Oriental flair.
• Monumentality: Majestic gates, spacious courtyards, and symmetrical layouts emphasize the imperial scale and significance of the educational institution.

This architectural style was intended to symbolize the continuity of British rule from the Great Mughals and to create a harmonious synthesis of European and Indian traditions.

Modern Development

Modern urban planning in Aligarh is mainly focused on the development of residential areas and commercial infrastructure around the historic centre and the university campus. New buildings rarely feature architectural refinements, performing a primarily functional role. Nevertheless, the historic core of the city, especially the areas adjacent to AMU, still retains the charm of the colonial era, making a walk through them a journey back in time.

The city of Aligarh and, in particular, the Aligarh Muslim University founded here, have played a vital role in the lives of many prominent figures in India. These individuals have made significant contributions to the country's politics, science, culture, and social thought.

Key Figures Associated with Aligarh

• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898) — A distinguished Muslim educator, reformer, and philosopher. He is the founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (1875), which was transformed into Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. His work launched the Aligarh Movement, aimed at modernizing Muslim society through secular education.
• Hasrat Mohani (1875–1951) — A poet, scholar, and one of the most fervent fighters for India's independence. He was educated in Aligarh and became known for being the first to demand complete independence for India in 1921. He is also credited with coining the famous slogan "Inquilab Zindabad!" (Long Live the Revolution!).
• Zakir Husain (1897–1969) — The third President of India (1967–1969) and a prominent figure in the field of education. He was closely associated with Aligarh Muslim University, where he served as Vice-Chancellor. His contribution to the development of educational standards and the promotion of secular ideas is of immense significance to the entire nation.
• Naseeruddin Shah (born 1950) — One of the most respected actors in Indian cinema and theatre. An alumnus of Aligarh Muslim University, he became an iconic figure in the "parallel cinema" (art house) movement in India. His multifaceted talent and contribution to the arts have been recognized with numerous national and international awards.
• Dhyan Chand (1905–1979) — A legendary field hockey player, considered by many to be the greatest in the history of the sport. Although not a university alumnus, his military service was linked to Aligarh. He led the Indian team to three Olympic gold medals (1928, 1932, 1936), and his name has become synonymous with sporting excellence.
• Irfan Habib (born 1931) — A world-renowned historian specializing in the history of India during the Mughal period. He taught at Aligarh Muslim University for many years and is one of the most authoritative scholars in his field. His works on the agrarian history and economic geography of medieval India are considered classics.