Kurnool history

The city of Kurnool, known as the "Gateway to Rayalaseema," boasts a rich and multi-layered history rooted in deep antiquity. Its strategic location on the banks of the Tungabhadra River has made it an important centre for many centuries. Archaeological findings in its vicinity, such as rock paintings, indicate that these lands were inhabited as early as the Paleolithic era.

Although the exact date of the city's founding is lost in the mists of time, its name is believed to derive from the word "Kandenavolu," which means "town of grease" in Telugu. According to local legend, in the 11th century, carts would stop here, and locals supplied them with grease for their wheels. The modern history of Kurnool begins around the 16th century with the construction of the Konda Reddy Fort, which became the nucleus of the future city. The fortress was built during the reign of the kings of the powerful Vijayanagara Empire, which controlled the entire south of India.

During the Vijayanagara Empire era, Kurnool developed as a vital outpost and administrative centre on the northern frontiers. Following the weakening of the empire, the city came under the control of Muslim rulers known as the Nawabs of Kurnool, leaving a significant mark on local architecture and culture. Later, in the 19th century, Kurnool became part of British India. After the country gained independence, the city played a key role in the new administrative structure, serving as the first capital of Andhra State from 1953 to 1956.

Historically, the region's economy was closely tied to agriculture due to the fertile lands along the Tungabhadra River. In later times, the production of cotton goods and carpets also actively developed here. Such a geographical position at the crossroads of trade routes facilitated cultural exchange and the formation of a unique heritage, where Hindu and Muslim traditions are closely intertwined.

Key Stages in Kurnool's History

The history of Kurnool is a kaleidoscope of shifting empires, dynasties, and landmark events. From ancient settlements to its role in shaping the modern state, the city has traversed a long and eventful path.

• Paleolithic Era: Archaeological findings, including rock paintings in the vicinity, testify to human presence in this region tens of thousands of years ago.
• 11th Century: The first historical mentions appear of a settlement named "Kandenavolu," considered the predecessor of modern Kurnool.
• 12th–13th Centuries: The region is successively under the rule of powerful South Indian dynasties — the Chalukyas, and later the Kakatiyas.
• 1336: The Vijayanagara Empire is founded, under whose control Kurnool would fall in subsequent decades, becoming a vital strategic point.
• 1530–1542: During the reign of Achyuta Deva Raya, successor to Krishna Deva Raya, the famous Kurnool Fort is constructed, known today as Konda Reddy Fort.
• 1687: Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal dynasty conquers the Deccan, and Kurnool comes under their nominal control.
• Late 17th – Early 18th Century: Following the weakening of Mughal power, the authority of local rulers known as the Nawabs of Kurnool is established, lasting for nearly two centuries.
• 1800: The Nizam of Hyderabad cedes control of the region, including Kurnool, to the British East India Company.
• 1839: After a brief rebellion by the last Nawab, Ghulam Rasul Khan, the British annex the principality of Kurnool, bringing it completely under their authority.
• 1847: Local chieftain Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy launches one of the first major rebellions against British rule in the region.
• October 1, 1953: Kurnool becomes the first capital of the newly formed Andhra State, carved out of Madras State on linguistic grounds.
• November 1, 1956: The capital is moved to Hyderabad following the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking territories of Hyderabad State to create the unified state of Andhra Pradesh.

Major Milestones in Kurnool's Development

The development of Kurnool is a story of transformations driven by changing rulers, strategic positioning, and economic shifts. The city has evolved from a military outpost to a temporary state capital and a major industrial hub of the Rayalaseema region.

• Fort Construction and Rise as a Military Centre (16th-17th Centuries): The construction of Konda Reddy Fort during the Vijayanagara Empire laid the foundation for Kurnool's urban structure. Later, under the rule of the Nawabs, the city was fortified as a crucial military and administrative point, contributing to its growth and cultural development, blending Hindu and Muslim traditions.
• Development of Crafts and Trade (17th-19th Centuries): During the rule of the Nawabs and later under British control, the production of cotton fabrics, yarn, and carpets flourished in Kurnool. Its location at the intersection of trade routes facilitated product distribution and made the city an important economic node.
• British Colonial Transformation (19th Century): After coming under the authority of the British East India Company in 1839, Kurnool was integrated into the colonial administrative and economic system. This led to the modernisation of governance but also to uprisings, such as the revolt of Narasimha Reddy, reflecting the complex social changes of that time.
• Capital Status (1953–1956): One of the most significant events in the city's modern history was its designation as the first capital of the newly formed Andhra State. Although this status was temporary, it gave a powerful impetus to the development of urban infrastructure, administrative institutions, and attracted new human resources to the city.
• Agrarian Revolution and the Tungabhadra Project (Mid-20th Century): The construction of the Tungabhadra Dam and the creation of an extensive canal system fundamentally changed agriculture in the region. Kurnool, situated on the banks of this river, became the centre of a thriving agrarian district, strengthening its economy and food security.
• Industrialisation and Economic Diversification (Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries): In addition to the traditional cotton industry, cement production began to actively develop in Kurnool and its surroundings. Processing plants for minerals mined in the district emerged, diversifying the city's economy and creating new jobs.
• Development as an Educational and Medical Hub: In recent decades, Kurnool has established itself as a vital regional centre for education and healthcare. The opening of new colleges, technical institutes, and hospitals has improved the quality of life and attracted youth and specialists from across the state.

The architectural landscape of Kurnool is a visual chronicle of its rich history, where every ruler and era left their mark in stone. The city does not boast a single uniform style; its built environment represents a blend of several key directions, reflecting the shift of dynasties and cultural influences.

The Vijayanagara Empire Era and Fortification Architecture

The foundation of Kurnool's urban development was the Konda Reddy Fort, erected in the 16th century during the Vijayanagara Empire. This period is characterised by monumental and functional military architecture. The fort, built from massive stone blocks, is a prime example of a defensive structure of its time. Its main feature is the powerful bastions and strategically placed watchtowers that dominated the surrounding terrain. Although the fort has been rebuilt multiple times, its core relies on Vijayanagara architectural principles, where durability and practicality prevailed over decorative elements.

Indo-Islamic Style of the Nawabs' Era

With the rise of the Nawabs of Kurnool in the 17th century, the Indo-Islamic style, characteristic of the Deccan region, began to dominate the city's architecture. This period left behind exquisite mosques and tombs. The most iconic monument of this era is the Tomb of Abdul Wahab. This structure demonstrates key features of the style: two large domes, slender minarets, pointed arches, and intricate stone carving. The building combines grandeur and refinement, serving as the mausoleum for the first Nawab of Kurnool.

Colonial Heritage and Modern Development

In the 19th century, with the arrival of the British, buildings in the colonial style began to appear in Kurnool. This architecture was primarily functional: administrative offices, bungalows, churches, and schools. They are characterised by strict lines, spacious verandas, and high ceilings adapted to the hot climate. Although there are not as many lavish examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in the city as in major metropolises, the influence of European planning is noticeable in some old quarters.

Kurnool received a special impetus for urban development between 1953 and 1956, when it served as the first capital of Andhra State. During this time, the construction of new administrative buildings and residential areas began, laying the groundwork for the modern layout of the city. Today's Kurnool is a developing urban centre where historical monuments stand alongside modern developments, reflecting its continuous growth and transformation.

Notable Figures Associated with Kurnool

Kurnool, a city with a rich and eventful history, has been the birthplace and arena for the activities of many distinguished individuals who left a significant mark on politics, culture, and the struggle for India's independence. Their legacy continues to define the region's identity.

Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy

Role: Freedom fighter, local chieftain (Polygar).
Historical Significance: Considered one of the earliest fighters for India's independence. In 1846, he led a rebellion against the British East India Company in protest against its exploitative policies. Although the uprising was suppressed and Reddy himself was executed in 1847, his courage and sacrifice inspired subsequent generations. The airport in Kurnool is named in his honour.

Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy

Role: Politician, Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
Historical Significance: One of the most influential politicians of the region. He twice served as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1982–1983 and 1992–1994) and was a Member of the Indian Parliament from the Kurnool constituency several times. He made significant contributions to infrastructure development and social programmes in the region, including the introduction of the school mid-day meal scheme.

Abdul Wahab Khan

Role: First Nawab of Kurnool.
Historical Significance: Founder of the dynasty of the Nawabs of Kurnool in the 17th century. As a general of the Golconda Sultanate, he received Kurnool as a jagir (feudal estate) and established himself as a semi-independent ruler. His reign marked the beginning of an era of Indo-Islamic cultural and architectural influence in the city. His tomb, known as "Gol Gumbaz," is one of the key historical monuments of Kurnool.

K. E. Krishnamurthy

Role: Politician, Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
Historical Significance: A veteran politician whose career spans several decades. He has held various ministerial posts in the state government and served as Deputy Chief Minister. His activities have had a substantial impact on political life and development in the Kurnool district and the Rayalaseema region.

T. G. Venkatesh

Role: Industrialist and politician.
Historical Significance: Founder of the TGV Group conglomerate, which played a key role in the industrialisation of Kurnool, particularly in the chemical and plastics industries. Beyond his entrepreneurial activities, he actively participated in politics, served as a Member of Parliament, and contributed to economic growth and job creation in the region.