History of Fakfak

Foundation and First Mentions

Fakfak is considered one of the oldest settlements in Papua. The exact date of its foundation is lost in the centuries, but it is known that long before the appearance of European maps, this region was already an active participant in maritime trade. Historically, the area was under the sphere of influence of the powerful Sultanate of Tidore, which made the city an important link between Papua and the rest of the Malay Archipelago.

Key Factors of Development

The transformation of a small settlement into a significant city was driven by several reasons:

• Strategic Geography: The city is located on the Onin Peninsula, where the rugged coastline and hilly landscape created natural protection and convenient conditions for ship anchorage.
• Spice Trade: The region is rich in high-quality nutmeg. It was this resource that attracted traders from China, Arabia, and Europe, stimulating economic growth.
• Administrative Status: During the colonial period, when modern Indonesia was taking shape, the city became one of the first administrative centres in the region, hosting government institutions and military garrisons.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

The economy of the early period depended entirely on spice exports, thanks to which Fakfak is still known as the "City of Nutmeg" (Kota Pala). The constant flow of traders facilitated cultural exchange and the blending of traditions.

The most important cultural heritage of the past is the philosophy of "Satu Tungku Tiga Batu" ("One Furnace, Three Stones"). This principle, which originated here centuries ago, symbolizes brotherhood and the harmonious coexistence of representatives of different religions and clans, which became the foundation of the city's social stability.

Key Historical Milestones

The history of the city is inextricably linked with the spice trade, the colonial ambitions of powers, and the formation of Indonesian statehood.

• 17th Century — The region is secured within the sphere of influence of the Sultanate of Tidore, becoming an important hub in the international nutmeg trade.
• 1894 — Missionary Cornelis le Cocq d’Armandville founds the first Catholic mission, beginning the history of Christianity in this area.
• 1898 — The Dutch colonial administration establishes a permanent government post in Fakfak, asserting its presence in the west of the island.
• 1942 — During World War II, the city is occupied by Japanese troops, turning it into a fortified defensive point.
• 1962 — After the signing of the New York Agreement, the territory temporarily passes under the control of the UN administration (UNTEA).
• 1963 — The transfer of administration is completed, and the city officially becomes part of the Republic of Indonesia.
• 1969 — The "Act of Free Choice" (PEPERA) takes place, legally confirming the integration of the region into the country.
• 2003 — As a result of administrative reform, the city and regency become part of the new province of West Papua.
• 2016 — The philosophy of tolerance "Satu Tungku Tiga Batu" receives official recognition as intangible cultural heritage of national level.
• 2023 — The grand opening of the new Siboru Airport takes place, designed to significantly improve transport accessibility and the tourism potential of the region.

Key Development Milestones

The evolution of the city of Fakfak is a journey from a trading outpost to a modern administrative centre. Each of the events listed below played a decisive role in shaping the unique appearance and economy of this corner of the West Papua province.

• Emergence as a Global Spice Trade Hub.

  Historically, the city developed thanks to the export of nutmeg. This defined the economic specialization of the region for centuries to come and connected it via trade routes with China, the Arab world, and Europe even before the arrival of colonizers.

• Formation of Colonial Administration (Late 19th Century).

  The creation of a permanent Dutch post laid the foundations for urban planning. During this period, streets began to form, and the first permanent administrative buildings and port infrastructure appeared, cementing the settlement's status as the oldest city in Papua.

• Cultural Consolidation of "Satu Tungku Tiga Batu".

  The most important social transformation was the rooting of the "One Furnace, Three Stones" philosophy. The peaceful coexistence of Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism within a single family became the foundation of public safety and the city's unique cultural identity.

• Integration into the National System (1960s).

  Joining the Republic of Indonesia gave impetus to the development of state institutions. The modernization of the education and healthcare systems began, transitioning from a colonial management model to national standards.

• Administrative Reform and Decentralization (2000s).

  Gaining expanded powers within the new province allowed the city to manage its budget independently. This led to the improvement of the waterfront, the construction of new office buildings, and the enhancement of the urban environment.

• Transport Breakthrough: Opening of Siboru Airport (2023).

  The launch of the new air harbour became a critically important stage for the economy. The airport solved the problem of complex logistics, opening the city to major investors and mass tourism, which was previously difficult due to geographical isolation.

Architectural Appearance and Urban Environment

The urban planning of Fakfak is inextricably linked to its unique geographical location. Unlike many flatland cities, it is built on limestone hills that descend directly to the sea. This creates a picturesque but complex landscape where streets wind in serpentines, and buildings are often arranged in terraces on the slopes.

Historical Layers and Styles

The city's architecture is a mosaic intertwining local traditions, the colonial past, and modern trends.

• Traditional Architecture: In coastal areas and old quarters, one can still find stilt houses. This style, dictated by the proximity of the ocean and the steepness of the slopes, allows for the most efficient use of space, protecting dwellings from tides and humidity.
• Colonial Heritage: Being one of the oldest settlements where the Dutch administration established itself, the city has preserved features of the European colonial style. This is evident in the layout of the old centre and the architecture of some administrative buildings with high ceilings, wide verandas, and louvered windows adapted to the tropical climate.
• Religious Architecture: The city's appearance is shaped by places of worship reflecting the philosophy of tolerance. Majestic mosques with domes in the Middle Eastern style coexist harmoniously with Christian churches designed in both classical and modernist keys.

Modern Development and Landmarks

In recent decades, Indonesia has been actively investing in the development of the region, which has brought elements of modern urbanism to the city's appearance.

A striking example of urban development is the Jalan Dr. Salasa Namudat Waterfront area. This district, created on reclaimed land, has become a new public hub. A modern functional style prevails here: wide promenades, open spaces, and monuments, among which stands out the monument to the "Satu Tungku Tiga Batu" philosophy, symbolizing the unity of the residents.

Distinguished Personalities

The history and modernity of the region are inextricably linked with the names of people who contributed to its development, culture, and struggle for independence. Here is a list of key figures whose destinies are intertwined with the city of Fakfak.

• Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan
  Ruler of the Sekar Principality, National Hero of Indonesia
  One of the most significant historical figures of the region. Being the ruler (Raja) of the Sekar area, he actively opposed the Dutch colonial administration. In 1953, he founded the "Revolutionary Cendrawasih Movement" (Gerakan Cendrawasih Revolusioner), advocating for the integration of Papua into the Republic. In 2020, he was posthumously awarded the title of National Hero.
• Cornelis le Cocq d’Armandville
  Catholic Missionary, Jesuit
  He played a key role in the religious history of the city. Arriving in the settlement of Sekru in 1894, he became a pioneer of the Catholic mission in this region. His activities laid the foundation for the spread of Christianity and the development of education on the peninsula.
• Bahlil Lahadalia
  Minister of Investment, Entrepreneur
  A prominent modern politician of national level. Although he was not born here, his childhood and youth were spent in Fakfak, where he began his path selling cakes and working as a driver to pay for his studies. His success story serves as an inspiration for local youth and an example of social mobility.
• Ali Baham Temongmere
  Statesman, Bureaucrat
  A native of the city who built a successful career in public service. He served as the Regional Secretary of West Papua Province and was subsequently appointed Acting Governor. He actively participates in the administrative development of his home region.
• Raja Ibrahim Bauw
  Traditional Ruler (Raja) of Rumbati
  A representative of one of the oldest dynasties in the region. The rulers of the Rumbati principality historically maintained trade and cultural ties with the sultanates of the Molucca Islands and played an important role in rooting Islam in Papua, as well as in forming the unique philosophy of tolerance for which Indonesia is renowned.