Sampit history

The history of the city of Sampit, located in the Central Kalimantan province of Indonesia, is inextricably linked to the Mentaya River. For centuries, this waterway served as a "lifeline" for the region, and it was on its banks that the settlement, which would become a vital economic centre, was born. Although the exact date of its founding remains hidden in the depths of time, it is known that this area has long been inhabited by indigenous peoples and attracted traders.

Key Factors of Formation

• Geography and the Mentaya River: Its strategic location near the river mouth, flowing into the Java Sea, made the city a natural gateway to the island's interior. The river allowed for the transport of goods from the dense forests to the coast.
• Trading Hub: Sampit developed as a transit point. Goods flowed here from deep within the island — rattan, dammar (resin), and rubber — which were then sent for export.
• Forest Resources: The abundance of valuable timber in the surrounding jungles catalyzed growth. Historically, logging was the main engine of the local economy.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

Initially, the region's culture was shaped by the traditions of the Dayak people (specifically the Ngaju Dayak group). Their unique way of life, connected to the forest and river, defined the settlement's early appearance. Over time, thanks to active trade, the cultural landscape was enriched through interactions with Banjar migrants, Chinese merchants, and seafarers from Java, transforming Sampit into a colourful and multi-ethnic port city.

Major Milestones in the City's History

• 1365 — First mention of the name in the Javanese manuscript "Nagarakretagama" as a territory under the influence of the Majapahit Empire.
• 1849 — The Dutch colonial administration officially designates Sampit as a centre for interior administration and trade.
• 1911 — The beginning of rapid development of rubber plantations, turning the settlement into a prosperous export hub.
• 1942–1945 — Period of Japanese occupation, during which the port's trading activity was temporarily reoriented.
• 1950 — The city receives the status of the administrative centre of the autonomous Kotawaringin region within the independent country.
• 1953 — On 7 January, the East Kotawaringin Regency was officially formed, with Sampit as its capital.
• 1959 — The birth of civil aviation in the region: the first regular seaplane flights landing directly on the Mentaya River.
• 1977 — The local airfield receives airport status and the name of local hero Haji Asan, who donated the land for its construction.
• 1990s — A period of intense economic growth linked to the boom of the timber processing industry in Indonesia.
• 2014 — Completion of a large-scale modernization of the H. Asan Airport passenger terminal to improve transport accessibility.
• 2015 — On 21 February, the grand opening of the Jelawat Fish (Ikan Jelawat) statue took place on the waterfront, becoming the city's main tourism symbol.
• 2020s — Active development of river tourism and the revitalization of the Mentaya River coastal zones as public spaces.

The development of the city of Sampit is a story of transformation from a small river settlement into a key economic centre of the Central Kalimantan province. The city's evolution is closely tied to the utilization of natural resources and its strategic position on trade routes.

Main Stages of Transformation

• Establishment as a River Port: Historically, the city formed as a crucial logistical node on the Mentaya River. The port became the heart of the economy, ensuring the export of the island's natural riches and connection with the island of Java, laying the foundation for commercial prosperity.
• Administrative Confirmation (1953): Receiving the status of the capital of the East Kotawaringin Regency was a turning point in urban planning. This event stimulated the creation of government institutions, schools, and the development of urban infrastructure necessary to manage the vast region.
• Era of the Timber Industry: In the 1980s–1990s, the city experienced a true economic boom thanks to logging. This period was characterized by an active influx of labour, the expansion of residential districts, and the strengthening of the city's position as an industrial centre, although the focus later shifted towards more sustainable development.
• Agrarian Reorientation: In the 21st century, the economic vector shifted towards plantation agriculture, especially palm oil production. This led to a new round of investment, the modernization of processing facilities, and the strengthening of the region's financial stability.
• Transport Modernization: The development of Haji Asan Airport and the expansion of the seaport's capabilities allowed the city to reach a new level of connectivity. Improved transport accessibility has made Indonesia and its central regions closer for business and tourism.
• Cultural Branding and Urbanism: The construction of the waterfront and the installation of the Jelawat Fish statue became symbols of a transition towards creating a comfortable urban environment. This project not only beautified the city but also signalled the authorities' desire to develop tourism and public spaces for residents.

The architectural appearance of the city of Sampit is shaped by its geographical location along the Mentaya River. Urban development proceeded from the coastline inland, turning a small river settlement into a bustling provincial trade centre. The cityscape intricately weaves together traditional Indonesian motifs, the functional architecture of commercial districts, and modern public spaces.

Eras and Styles

Several key directions reflecting the stages of its development can be distinguished in the city's architecture:

• Traditional Wooden Architecture (Vernacular Style): The historical foundation of the city. In coastal areas, one can still find stilt houses ("rumah panggung"), adapted to the river's tides. This style is characterized by the use of local timber species (ironwood) and high pitched roofs for protection against tropical downpours.
• Functionalism (Second half of the 20th century): With the growth of the economy and trade, the city centre filled with concrete buildings of the "ruko" type (shophouses). These are pragmatic two- or three-storey structures where the ground floor is dedicated to commerce and the upper floors to housing. They form the dense street network of the business centre.
• Modern Symbolism and Neo-Traditionalism (21st Century): In recent decades, the authorities of Indonesia and the region have been actively improving the urban environment, integrating elements of local Dayak culture into modern structures. This is evident in the design of arches, administrative buildings, and monuments.

Iconic Buildings and Sites

The modern look of the city is defined by several key attractions that have become hallmarks of the region:

• Jelawat Fish Statue (Ikon Jelawat): The main symbol of the city, located on the Mentaya River waterfront. This monument, depicting a local freshwater fish, is an example of modern sculptural art and a centre of attraction for tourists. A landscaped recreational zone has been formed around the statue.
• Islamic Centre and Grand Mosque (Masjid Agung Wahyu Al-Hadi): A majestic structure combining the canons of Islamic architecture with modern engineering solutions. The building stands out with its massive dome and tall minarets, dominating the urban landscape and serving as a spiritual focal point.
• Balanga Roundabout (Bundaran Balanga): An example of integrating ethno-cultural motifs into road infrastructure. In the centre of the composition stands a giant "balanga" vessel — a traditional Dayak ceramic jar symbolizing prosperity and respect for ancestors.

Famous Historical and Modern Figures

The fates of many outstanding people are connected with the city of Sampit and the East Kotawaringin Regency, from national heroes to modern reformers who have made an invaluable contribution to the region's development.

• Tjilik Riwut — National Hero of Indonesia, First Governor
  Although born in neighbouring Kasongan, his role for Sampit is fundamental. In 1950, he became the first Bupati (Regent) of Kotawaringin, the administrative centre of which was located here. Riwut laid the foundations of local governance in the early years of Indonesia's independence before becoming the governor of the entire province.
• Haji Asan — Local Hero and Philanthropist
  A respected public figure whose name the city's airport bears. Haji Asan played a key role in developing the region's transport accessibility by donating his own land for the construction of the first airfield. This noble act forever inscribed his name in the city's history.
• Kai Jungkir — Legendary Spiritual Leader
  A revered historical figure and Ulama (Islamic scholar) who lived in the first half of the 20th century. Known as a spiritual mentor and fighter, he held great authority among the local population during the colonial period. His tomb in the Baamang district is an important site of pilgrimage and cultural heritage.
• Supian Hadi — Political Figure, Reformer
  Served as the Regent of East Kotawaringin for two terms (2010–2021). His tenure was marked by large-scale infrastructure construction and the beautification of Sampit, including the creation of the famous waterfront and the installation of the Jelawat Fish statue, which has become the modern symbol of the city.
• Wahyudi K. Anwar — Politician and Writer
  The first head of the regency elected by direct vote in the reform era (2000–2010). Beyond administrative work, he is known for his contribution to preserving the history of the land, being the author of books on the origins and development of Sampit, which helps preserve the region's cultural memory for future generations.
• Muchran Ali — Early Period Administrator
  The second Regent of the region (1957–1959), who managed the city during the difficult period of the formation of the Central Kalimantan province. One of the main streets in the city leading to the airport is named in his honour, highlighting his significance in urban toponymy.