Ulsan history

The history of Ulsan is rooted in deep antiquity, back when the first state formations were flourishing on the Korean Peninsula. Being a strategically important port in the south-east, the city has played a key role in maritime trade and the country's defence for centuries.

Foundation and First Mentions

The first settlements in the territory of modern Ulsan existed as early as the prehistoric era, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds, including the famous Bangudae Petroglyphs. During the Three Kingdoms period (1st–7th centuries AD), this area was part of the Jinhan confederacy, and later became an important port in the Kingdom of Silla. It was during the Unified Silla era that Ulsan transformed into one of the main trading hubs, through which active maritime trade was conducted with China, Japan, and even countries in Central Asia. The name of the city, according to one theory, comes from characters meaning "fortress" and "mountain", which can be interpreted as a "place surrounded by a fortress of mountains".

Key Factors of Formation and Development

Throughout its history, Ulsan's development has been inextricably linked to its geographical position. The key factors were:

• Advantageous Coastal Location: Situated at the mouth of the Taehwagang River flowing into the Sea of Japan, the city initially developed as a centre for fishing and maritime trade. In the past, it was also known as the centre of whaling in South Korea.
• Trading Port: As early as the Silla period, Ulsan was one of the main ports receiving goods via the Silk Road and maritime routes. This role was preserved in subsequent eras.
• Industrial Centre: Radical changes occurred in 1962 when Ulsan was designated as the country's first special industrial zone. This marked the beginning of its transformation into the "Industrial Capital of the Republic of Korea", where shipbuilding, automotive, and petrochemical industries are concentrated.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

Before the industrial boom of the 20th century, Ulsan was predominantly an agricultural and trading centre, as well as a major fishing port. Its cultural heritage is rich with monuments from the Silla period. Historically, the city was known for whaling, which is reflected today in the annual Whale Festival and a thematic museum. The strategic importance of the port made it a vital economic asset, ensuring trade connections and the prosperity of the region for many centuries.

Timeline of Key Events

• Prehistoric Period: The famous Bangudae Petroglyphs are created on rocks in the Taehwagang River area, testifying to ancient settlements in this territory.
• Three Kingdoms Period (1st–7th Centuries): The territory of modern Ulsan becomes part of the Jinhan confederacy, and later becomes an important port in the Kingdom of Silla.
• Unified Silla Era (668–935): The city establishes itself as one of the main centres of maritime trade, maintaining ties with China and Japan.
• Joseon Dynasty Period (1392–1897): Ulsan continues to play the role of an important port and defensive point in the south-east of the Korean Peninsula.
• 1597–1598: During the Imjin War, the heroic defence of Ulsan Castle against Japanese troops takes place, becoming one of the key battles of the conflict.
• 1962: Ulsan receives city status and is designated as the first special industrial zone in South Korea, kickstarting its rapid industrialisation.
• 1970s: The world's largest shipyard by Hyundai Heavy Industries and the Hyundai Motor Company automobile plant are built in the city.
• 1985: A modern system of administrative division into districts (gu) is introduced in Ulsan.
• 1995: The administrative merger of Ulsan City with the adjacent Ulju County takes place.
• 15 July 1997: Ulsan is granted the status of a Metropolitan City (Gwangyeoksi), separating it from Gyeongsangnam-do province and highlighting its national importance.
• 2005: Ulsan, the former centre of whaling, hosts a meeting of the International Whaling Commission, symbolising a new ecological era for the city.

Religious Landscape

The religious life of Ulsan, like that of the entire country, is characterised by diversity and tolerance. Traditional Buddhism, dynamically developing Christianity, and Confucian principles that permeate daily life and culture coexist peacefully here. At the same time, a significant part of the population does not identify with any specific denomination, adhering to a secular lifestyle.

Buddhism: A Millennial Legacy

Buddhism has deep roots in the region, dating back to the era of the Silla Kingdom. The mountains surrounding the city hide numerous ancient monasteries and temples, which serve not only as places of worship but also as popular tourist attractions.

• Seoknamsa Temple: One of the most famous Buddhist temples in the region, located at the foot of Mount Gajisan. It is a nunnery known for its peaceful atmosphere and a beautiful pagoda protected as cultural heritage.
• Munsusa Temple: Located on Mount Munsusan. It is believed to have been founded as early as the 7th century. It offers a picturesque view of the city and is a popular spot for hikers and meditation.

Christianity

Christianity (both Protestantism and Catholicism) plays an important role in the modern life of the city. With the onset of industrialisation and the growth of the urban population, the number of churches has increased significantly. Christian communities in Ulsan are active in the social sphere, engaging in charity, education, and medical services. The city skyline is often complemented by church crosses, which are illuminated with neon lights at night.

Confucianism and Folk Beliefs

Although Confucianism is often viewed more as an ethical and philosophical system than a religion, its influence on the residents of Ulsan is immense. It defines family values, respect for elders, and the performance of ancestral rites (jesa) on traditional holidays such as Seollal and Chuseok. Additionally, as an old port city, Ulsan retains echoes of shamanism related to the sea: fishermen traditionally performed rituals for sailing safety and a bountiful catch.

Architectural Appearance and Urban Planning

The architecture of Ulsan is a visual chronicle of the rapid transformation of South Korea. The urban landscape presents an eclectic combination of ancient fortifications, massive industrial complexes from the industrialisation era, and modern high-rise buildings reflecting the city's status as a metropolis.

Historical Heritage: Traditional Korean Architecture

Before the start of large-scale industrialisation, the region's appearance was shaped by the canons of the Silla and Joseon dynasties. This period is characterised by harmony with the surrounding landscape, the use of natural materials (wood and stone), and elegant curved roof lines.

• Fortress Architecture: A striking example is Byeongyeongseong Fortress, built during the Joseon period. The stone walls encircling the hills demonstrate the defensive architecture of that time, designed to protect the city from maritime invasions.
• Religious and Educational Structures: Ulsan Hyanggyo is a traditional Confucian school. The complex has survived to this day and represents a classic style with wooden pavilions, tiled roofs, and strict symmetry characteristic of Confucian ethics.

Industrialisation Era (1960–1990s): Functionalism and Brutalism

With the granting of special industrial zone status in 1962, the city changed radically. The architecture of this period was subordinated to utilitarian goals: rapid production growth and housing for workers. Industrial functionalism became the dominant style.

• Industrial Giants: Huge shipyards and factory workshops along the coast became the city's calling card. These steel and concrete structures formed Ulsan's unique "industrial skyline".
• Residential Development: Standard multi-storey apartment complexes appeared, executed in a strict, minimalist style. They were built as entire neighbourhoods for employees of corporations such as Hyundai.

Modernity (2000s – Present): High-Tech and Eco-Urbanism

In the 21st century, Ulsan has set a course for improving quality of life and ecology. The city's modern architecture leans towards postmodernism and high-tech, actively integrating green zones into the urban environment.

• Skyscrapers and Mixed-Use Development: The Samsan-dong district has become the centre of modern commercial architecture with high-rise buildings made of glass and concrete, housing department stores, offices, and hotels.
• Engineering Masterpieces: Ulsan Bridge, opened in 2015, is one of the longest suspension bridges in the world. Its pylons and spans symbolise the city's technological power.
• Eco-Architecture: The development of the area around the Taehwagang River, transformed into a national park, demonstrates a shift towards landscape urbanism, where natural features become central elements of the urban structure.

Distinguished Figures of Ulsan

Ulsan, known as the industrial heart of South Korea, is also the birthplace of many talented and influential individuals who have left their mark on the country's history, culture, and economy. Some of them are presented below.

• Yi Ye (1373–1445) — A prominent diplomat and official of the Joseon era. Originally from Ulsan, he undertook about 40 diplomatic missions to Japan, where he successfully negotiated the suppression of piracy and the return of Korean captives, making a huge contribution to stabilising relations between the two countries.
• Shin Kyuk-ho (1921–2020) — The founder and leader of Lotte Group, one of the largest South Korean chaebols (financial-industrial groups). Born in Ulsan, he built a business empire spanning retail, food manufacturing, the chemical industry, and the hotel business, becoming a key figure in South Korea's economic miracle.
• Kim Tae-hee (born 1980) — One of South Korea's most famous and beautiful actresses. Born and raised in Ulsan, she rose to fame through roles in popular dramas such as "Stairway to Heaven", "Iris", and "My Princess", and is considered an icon of the Korean Wave (Hallyu).
• Seo In-guk (born 1987) — A popular singer and actor. A native of Ulsan, he began his career by winning the first season of the music show "Superstar K". Later, he achieved wide recognition as an actor, playing leading roles in successful TV series such as "Reply 1997" and "Master's Sun".
• Lee Jae-sung (born 1992) — A professional footballer, midfielder for the German club Mainz 05 and the South Korea national team. Born in Ulsan, he became a champion of the 2014 Asian Games and represents his hometown on the international sports stage.
• Han So-hee (born 1994) — A famous actress and model. Although she was born in Ulsan, she built her career in Seoul, achieving fame thanks to striking roles in the dramas "The World of the Married" and "My Name".
• Jang Ki-yong (born 1992) — A popular actor and model hailing from Ulsan. He began his career in the modelling business, after which he successfully transitioned into acting, gaining fame for roles in the series "My Mister", "Go Back Couple", and "My Roommate Is a Gumiho".