Myeik history

The city of Myeik, historically known as Mergui, possesses a rich and multifaceted past. Its history is inextricably linked to its advantageous location on the coast of the Andaman Sea, which has made it an important seaport for centuries. The city served as a crossroads for trade and cultural routes between the East and the West, leaving a deep imprint on its development.

Although the exact date of Myeik's founding is lost in the mists of time, it is known that the first settlements existed here very long ago. In later times, the city was a southern outpost of the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya, and later came under the control of Burmese rulers who valued it for its key importance to maritime trade. In the 19th century, following the Anglo-Burmese Wars, the city, like the rest of the country, became part of the British Empire, opening a new chapter in its history. This position at the intersection of the interests of different powers only underscored Myeik's strategic importance as an administrative and military centre in southern Myanmar.

The economic prosperity of early Myeik was closely tied to the sea. The city and its surrounding archipelago were famous for harvesting pearls, tin, and other gifts of the sea, which were highly valued in international markets. The city's cultural life reflected its trading essence: traditions of the Burmese, Mons, and Siamese mixed here with those of Indian, Chinese, and European merchants, creating a unique local flavour.

A special distinctiveness is lent to this region by the indigenous population of the Myeik Archipelago — the Moken people, also known as "Sea Gypsies". Their traditional way of life, completely dependent on the sea, and their unique culture are an integral part of the historical and cultural heritage of this amazing corner of Myanmar.

Early History and the Siamese Period

• 14th-15th Centuries — The city, known as Mergui, becomes an important seaport and trade hub within the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya, connecting the East and West.
• 17th Century — Mergui transforms into a key node for European traders, particularly the English and French, who competed for influence in Siam.
• 1687 — The so-called "Mergui Massacre" occurs, when Siamese troops expel the English from the city, leading to a weakening of British influence in the region for a long time.

Burmese and Colonial Periods

• 1765 — Troops of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty capture Mergui and the entire Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) region from Siam.
• 1826 — Following the First Anglo-Burmese War and the Treaty of Yandabo, Burma cedes the Tenasserim coast, including Mergui, to the British Empire.
• Late 19th - Early 20th Century — Under British administration, the city becomes the administrative centre of the Mergui District and develops thanks to tin mining, rubber plantations, and the famous pearl industry.

Modern History

• 1942–1945 — During World War II, the city falls under Japanese occupation.
• 1948 — Burma gains independence from Great Britain, and the city officially becomes part of the independent state, eventually receiving the name Myeik.
• Late 20th Century - Present Day — Myeik and the eponymous archipelago attract attention due to their rich biodiversity and the unique culture of the Moken people, known as the "Sea Gypsies".

Key Stages of Myeik's Development

The history of Myeik is a kaleidoscope of cultural and economic transformations that turned it from an ancient trading post into a modern economic hub in southern Myanmar. Here are the main milestones that defined the city's appearance and character:

• Trade Hub of the Siamese Kingdom: In the 14th–17th centuries, the city, then known as Mergui, became a crucial port for the Kingdom of Ayutthaya. Its strategic position on maritime routes between India and China made it a centre of international trade, contributing to early economic growth and cultural exchange.
• Era of European Competition: In the 17th century, Myeik attracted the attention of European powers, especially the English and French, who established their trading factories here. This period was marked not only by an economic boom but also by political intrigue, highlighting the city's geopolitical importance.
• British Colonial Period: After coming under the control of the British Empire in 1826, Myeik underwent significant urban and economic changes. The British modernized the port, established rubber plantations, and systematized tin mining, turning the city into an important administrative and resource centre for the region.
• World Pearl Capital: At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Myeik Archipelago became famous worldwide for the harvesting of high-quality natural pearls. This industry not only brought immense revenue but also formed a unique culture linked to the sea and the legendary pearl divers.
• Centre for Fishing and Seafood: In modern history, Myeik has established itself as Myanmar's main fishing port. The development of large fishing fleets and seafood processing enterprises has become the foundation of its current economy. The city's markets and shipyards are visible evidence of this maritime heritage.
• Development of Transport Infrastructure: The construction and modernization of the airport, as well as the improvement of road connections with other parts of the country in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, significantly strengthened Myeik's economic ties. This simplified logistics for exports and made the region more accessible.
• Gateway to the Myeik Archipelago: With the gradual opening of the region to tourism, the city has become the main departure point for journeys to the pristine islands of the Myeik Archipelago. The development of the tourism industry has given a new impulse to the economy, creating jobs in the hospitality and service sectors.

The architectural appearance of Myeik is a picturesque canvas where colours of different eras and cultures blend together. Being an important port city for centuries, it has absorbed both traditional Burmese motifs and features of the European colonial style, creating its unique and slightly eclectic atmosphere.

The foundation of the historical buildings consists of structures erected during British rule. Colonial architecture here is characterized by two-story wooden or brick houses with spacious verandas, high ceilings, and carved elements. These buildings, which once served as administrative offices, trading shops, and housing for officials, still form the look of the city's old quarters today. Strolling through its streets, one can notice how European functionality harmoniously combines with local building traditions.

Alongside the colonial heritage, Myeik prominently features religious structures traditional to Myanmar. Majestic pagodas with gilded stupas and Buddhist monasteries are an integral part of the urban landscape. They serve not only as spiritual centres but also as striking examples of national architecture, demonstrating intricate wood carving and characteristic multi-tiered roofs.

Modern urban planning is making its own adjustments to the city's appearance. New residential buildings, hotels, and commercial buildings are appearing next to historical developments. Thus, the architecture of Myeik represents a layered structure, where each "layer" tells its own part of the rich history of this southern port — from ancient times to the present day.

Famous Personalities Associated with the City

The history of Myeik, known in the past as Mergui, is rich in events and vibrant personalities. Being an important port at the intersection of maritime routes, the city attracted adventurers, traders, and administrators from various countries. Many of them left a noticeable mark on its history, although it is difficult to find natives of the city among them.

• Samuel White (c. 1650–1689) — Perhaps the most famous historical figure associated with the city. This English adventurer and trader was appointed as the ruler (Shahbandar) of Mergui on behalf of the King of Siam in the 1680s. He effectively created his own trading empire, challenging the powerful British East India Company, and his tumultuous activities became synonymous with the era of piracy and colonial rivalry in the region.
• Richard Burnaby (17th Century) — A contemporary of Samuel White and a former employee of the East India Company. He was appointed Governor of Mergui around the same time White became the head of the port, reflecting the complex political situation and attempts to establish control over the strategically important city.
• Chevalier de Beauregard (c. 1665 – c. 1692) — A French officer who became the Governor of Myeik in 1687 after the expulsion of the English. His appointment symbolized a brief but significant period of French influence in Siam and its territories, including the Tenasserim coast.
• Maurice Collis (1889–1973) — An Irish writer and colonial administrator who served as the district commissioner in Myeik in the 1920s. It was thanks to his book "Siamese White" that the story of Samuel White and old Mergui became widely known to the world. Collis not only governed the region but also deeply studied its history, preserving it for future generations.
• Benjamin Bateson Jubb (20th Century) — An English entrepreneur who settled in Myeik after World War I. He was a successful businessman involved in the mining industry and other enterprises. After World War II, Jubb played a key role in restoring the port's operations, for which he was recognized by the authorities.