Nijmegen history

Roman Heritage and the Founding of the City

Nijmegen rightfully holds the title of the oldest city in the Netherlands, with a history spanning more than two thousand years. Its origins date back to the 1st century BC, when Roman legions established a strategically important military camp here. Official recognition came later: around 98–100 AD, Emperor Trajan granted the settlement municipal rights and the name Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum, which can be translated as "New Market of the Ulpians in the land of the Batavians".

Key Factors of Development

The transformation from a temporary military camp into a flourishing antique and subsequently medieval centre was facilitated by a unique combination of several factors:

• Strategic Geography: The city is situated on a ridge of hills by the Waal River. The elevation provided natural protection and an excellent vantage point, while the river served as a major transport artery.
• Frontier Status: Nijmegen was a key point on the Limes — the fortified northern border of the Roman Empire. This guaranteed a constant military presence and funding.
• Trade: Thanks to its convenient waterway, the city quickly became a hub for the exchange of goods between the Roman Empire and the lands of the Germanic tribes.

Early Culture and Economy

Within the first centuries of its existence, Nijmegen became a major economic hub of the region. Craftsmanship developed actively here: archaeologists have found numerous examples of local ceramics, metalwork, and glass of high quality. The cultural environment was formed at the intersection of Roman traditions and the customs of the local Batavian tribe. Later, due to its significance, the city became one of the favourite residences of Emperor Charlemagne, cementing its status as an important political centre in Europe.

Chronology of Events

The history of Nijmegen is rich in turning points that have shaped its unique character. Below are the key dates in the city's development:

• 98–100 AD — Roman Emperor Trajan grants the settlement municipal status and the name Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum.
• 777 — Charlemagne completes the construction of the Valkhof Palace, turning the city into one of the most important imperial residences.
• 1230 — Nijmegen receives the rights of a Free Imperial City, giving a significant boost to trade and self-governance.
• 1364 — The city joins the Hanseatic League, strengthening its economic ties with Northern Europe.
• 1591 — During the Eighty Years' War, the city comes under the control of Maurice of Orange and becomes part of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
• 1678 — The Treaties of Nijmegen are signed here, putting an end to a series of European conflicts of that time.
• 1874 — A decision is made to demolish the old fortress walls, allowing the city to expand and begin the construction of new districts and parks.
• 1923 — The Catholic University (now Radboud University) is founded, becoming the region's centre for education and science.
• 1936 — The bridge over the Waal River is opened; at the time, it was the longest arch bridge in Europe.
• 1944 — The city finds itself at the centre of Operation Market Garden, suffering serious destruction, but is subsequently carefully restored.
• 2005 — Nijmegen celebrates its 2,000th anniversary on a grand scale, officially confirming its status as the oldest city in the Netherlands.
• 2018 — The European Commission awards the city the title of "European Green Capital" for achievements in ecology and sustainable development.

Stages of Urban Development

The development of Nijmegen is the story of the transformation from an ancient outpost into a modern university centre. Below are the key milestones that defined the economic and architectural appearance of the city:

• Hanseatic Heyday (14th Century). Joining the Hanseatic League in 1364 secured the city's status as an important trading hub. The Waal River became the main artery for the transit of goods between Germany and the Netherlands, leading to the growth of merchant guilds and the accumulation of wealth, reflected in the architecture of that time.
• Demolition of Fortress Walls (1874). For a long time, the status of a fortress city constrained Nijmegen's growth, causing overcrowding. The decision to demolish the fortifications became a town-planning revolution: a "green ring" of parks and wide boulevards (singels) emerged around the old centre, and prestigious 19th-century residential districts were built.
• University Transformation (1923). The opening of the Catholic University (now Radboud University) changed the social structure and economy of the city. Nijmegen ceased to be merely a trading or garrison point, transforming into a centre for education, medicine, and innovation that attracts young people.
• Infrastructure Breakthrough (1936). The construction of the bridge over the Waal, which was the longest arch bridge in Europe at the time of its opening, solved the problem of isolating the south from the north of the country. This gave a powerful impulse to road transport and logistics.
• Post-War Reconstruction (1940s – 1950s). The devastating bombardment of 1944 destroyed a significant part of the historic centre. Restoration was carried out in a spirit of pragmatism: instead of completely recreating the old days, priority was given to modern commercial spaces and wide streets, creating an eclectic city look.
• "Waalsprong" Project and Ecology (21st Century). The modern stage of development is characterized by the expansion of the city to the northern bank of the river ("Jump across the Waal"). The large-scale hydraulic engineering project "Room for the River" not only protected the city from flooding but also created a unique island park, confirming Nijmegen's status as the "European Green Capital".

Architectural Mosaic: From the Middle Ages to Modernity

The architectural appearance of Nijmegen represents a unique interweaving of eras. Being the country's oldest city, it has preserved a medieval core, yet the destructive events of the Second World War and subsequent reconstruction introduced features of modernism into the urban landscape. Today, it is a city of contrasts, where Gothic spires stand alongside modern developments.

Middle Ages and Renaissance (13th–17th Centuries)

Despite losses, gems of old architecture have been preserved in the historic centre, forming the atmosphere of the "old town" around the Grote Markt square.

• Gothic: The dominant feature of the city is the St. Stephen's Church (Grote of Sint-Stevenskerk). Its construction began in the 13th century, and it represents a vivid example of Brabantine Gothic. Surviving fragments of the city fortifications, such as the gunpowder tower Kruittoren, also belong to this period.
• Renaissance: On the main market square stands the Weigh House (De Waag), built in the early 17th century in the Dutch Renaissance style, featuring characteristic stepped gables and the use of red brick combined with sandstone.
• Early Classicism: The City Hall (Stadhuis) demonstrates a transition to stricter forms, combining a medieval foundation with classical facade elements.

The 19th Century Belt: Historicism and Eclecticism

After the demolition of the fortress walls in 1874, Nijmegen experienced an urban planning boom. A "green ring" of boulevards (singels) emerged on the site of the former fortifications, lined with luxurious villas.

• Architectural Style: Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Gothic, and Eclecticism prevail in this area. The districts around Oranjesingel and Van Schaeck Mathonsingel resemble the Parisian boulevards of that time, demonstrating the wealth of the 19th-century bourgeoisie.

Post-War Reconstruction and Modernism (20th Century)

The bombardment of 1944 destroyed a significant part of the centre. The city's restoration in the 1950s was carried out in the spirit of pragmatism and functionalism.

• Reconstruction Architecture: The Plein 1944 area and adjacent shopping streets are built up with buildings in the "Wederopbouw" style (reconstruction architecture). These feature simple, functional forms, brickwork, and an emphasis on practicality.
• Modern Accents: In the late 20th century, iconic modern objects appeared, such as the Valkhof museum building (architect Ben van Berkel), which contrasts with the historic park through its glass forms.

Modern Development and High-Tech (21st Century)

Nijmegen is actively developing, utilizing new territories and implementing bold architectural solutions.

• New Urban Icon: The De Oversteek bridge (2013) is a masterpiece of engineering and modern design. Its giant arch has become a new symbol of the city.
• 52degrees Building: A tilted tower in the technology park, designed by the Mecanoo studio, embodies Nijmegen's innovative status.
• Waalsprong Project: A new district is being built on the northern bank of the Waal River featuring modern residential architecture focused on sustainability and interaction with water.

Distinguished Figures of Nijmegen

The rich history of Nijmegen is inextricably linked with the names of emperors, great artists, thinkers, and cultural figures. This city served as a residence for kings and became home to creators whose legacy is known throughout the world.

• Charlemagne (742/747–814)
  Emperor of the West, King of the Franks
  One of the most significant figures in the city's history. Charlemagne made Nijmegen one of his main residences by building the famous Valkhof Palace here. His presence cemented the city's status as an imperial centre.
• The Limbourg Brothers (Paul, Herman, and Jean) (c. 1385–1416)
  Miniature painters
  Natives of Nijmegen who became legends of medieval art. They created the famous "Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry" — one of the most beautiful illuminated manuscripts in history.
• Henry VI (1165–1197)
  Holy Roman Emperor
  Son of Frederick Barbarossa, born in the Valkhof Palace in Nijmegen. His birth in this place underscores the high political significance of the city in medieval Europe.
• Peter Canisius (1521–1597)
  Theologian, writer, Doctor of the Church
  Born in Nijmegen. He is one of the most revered Catholic figures and an influential personality of the Counter-Reformation era. A monument is erected to him in the city, and many institutions are named after him.
• Titus Brandsma (1881–1942)
  Professor of Philosophy, journalist, Catholic Saint
  One of the founders and rectors of the Catholic University of Nijmegen (now Radboud University). Known for his principled stance in defence of freedom of the press and human rights during the Second World War.
• Joris Ivens (1898–1989)
  Documentary film director
  A pioneer of documentary cinema, born in Nijmegen. His works have had a tremendous influence on the development of world cinema. An award is named in his honour, and a monument stands in the city centre.
• Nina Simone (1933–2003)
  Jazz singer, pianist, and composer
  The legendary American performer lived in Nijmegen from 1988 to 1990. She called this period one of the most peaceful in her life; a street in the city is named in her honour.