Abha history

The city of Abha, the picturesque capital of the Asir Province, boasts a rich and multi-layered history closely tied to its strategic location in the mountains of the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. Its development has been defined by a succession of rulers, trade routes, and the unique cultural characteristics of the region.

Foundation and Early Stages

The exact date of Abha's founding is lost in the depths of time; however, it is known that this region has been inhabited since antiquity. Historically, the city was an important center for the tribes living in the mountainous terrain of Asir. Its geographical isolation and elevation of over 2,200 meters above sea level contributed to the formation of a distinct culture. For a long time, the region was relatively cut off from the rest of the world, which allowed it to preserve unique traditions.

Key Factors of Formation

Abha's history as a significant administrative center is inextricably linked to the various political powers that controlled the region.

• Ottoman Influence: Before World War I, Abha, like much of the Asir region, was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans used the city as one of their strongholds on the Arabian Peninsula, as evidenced by surviving architectural sites, such as the Ottoman Shamsan Castle.
• Unification of Saudi Arabia: In 1920, the city was conquered by the Ikhwan movement and subsequently became part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This event was a turning point in Abha's history, integrating it into a unified state and designating it as the capital of the Asir Province.

Cultural and Economic Significance

Abha was historically known as an important trade hub on the route from Yemen to the Hejaz. The mild climate, cooler compared to the rest of the country, and fertile lands fostered the development of agriculture. The city's cultural heritage is reflected in traditional architecture, arts, and crafts, which demonstrate deep connections to the history and traditions of the Asiri people. Today, Abha is one of the key tourism centers of Saudi Arabia, attracting visitors with its nature and cultural richness.

Key Dates in the History of Abha

The history of Abha is a chronicle of changing eras and rulers, reflecting the city's strategic importance in the Asir mountain region. From a local emirate to an important center within Saudi Arabia, here are the main milestones of its development.

• 1820: Shada Palace is built, eventually becoming the residence of local rulers and one of the city's main administrative buildings.
• 1833: Abha becomes the capital of the Sheikhdom of Upper Asir, founded by the local Al-Ayad dynasty.
• 1872: Following a military campaign, the Asir region, including Abha, comes under the direct administration of the Ottoman Empire.
• 1910: An anti-Ottoman uprising begins under the leadership of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, who establishes the independent Idrisid Emirate of Asir.
• 1920: After the death of the Emirate's founder, al-Idrisi, the city comes under the control of forces allied with the future King of Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz ibn Saud.
• 1926: A protectorate treaty is signed, officially placing the Emirate of Asir under the protection of the Saudi state of Nejd.
• 1934: The Asir region and the city of Abha are definitively incorporated into the newly formed Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under the Treaty of Taif.
• 1979: Construction is completed on a modern highway connecting Abha with Jeddah and the Red Sea coast, sparking the city's development as a tourism hub.

Key Stages of Abha's Transformation

Over the past decades, Abha has transformed from a traditional regional center into a dynamically developing city playing an important role in the economy and cultural life of Saudi Arabia. This process was driven by a series of strategic decisions and large-scale projects.

• Transformation into a Major Tourism Hub. Thanks to its unique mild climate and scenic mountain landscapes, Abha has become one of the key destinations for domestic tourism in the country. This was facilitated by the construction of modern infrastructure, including highways, and the active promotion of the region through cultural events such as the annual Asir Summer Festival.
• Creation of an Educational Hub. The establishment of King Khalid University was a turning point in the city's development. The university not only provided access to higher education for residents of the entire southern region but also became a center for scientific research and workforce training, stimulating economic growth.
• Modernization of Urban and Transport Infrastructure. In addition to the road network, landmark projects have been implemented that changed the face of the city. The construction of the Abha Dam and the launch of the cable car system not only solved infrastructure challenges but also created popular new tourist attractions.
• Development of Cultural Spaces. Great attention is paid to preserving the region's unique identity. The emergence of sites such as Art Street with its installations and Jacaranda trees, as well as projects to restore traditional villages, highlight the desire to harmoniously combine modernity with cultural heritage.
• Launch of the AlWadi Megaproject under "Vision 2030". The most ambitious milestone was the launch of the AlWadi project, which is part of the national "Vision 2030" strategy. A modern urban district featuring hotels, housing, commercial, and recreational zones is being created on an area of 2.5 million square meters. The project is expected to make a significant contribution to economic diversification and attract both local and international tourists.
• Focus on Sustainable Development. Modern projects in Abha are implemented taking global sustainability standards into account. For example, within the AlWadi project, more than 30% of the area is dedicated to green spaces and open areas, including 16 km of waterfronts and 17 km of walking and cycling paths, contributing to the creation of a healthy and comfortable urban environment.

The architectural appearance of Abha represents a unique blend of centuries-old traditions and modern trends. Urban development reflects its historical journey: from an isolated mountain settlement to a dynamic tourist and administrative center of Saudi Arabia. Several key eras and styles can be distinguished in the city's architecture.

Traditional Architecture of Asir

The historical core of Abha and its surrounding villages is formed by the unique architectural style of the Asir region. These structures are perfectly adapted to the mountain climate and terrain.

• Materials: The foundation consists of stone and mud bricks (adobe). Buildings often have multiple stories, with the lower levels made of stone providing strength, and the upper levels made of mud keeping the interior cool.
• "Watchtowers": A characteristic feature is the tall stone towers known as "qasaba". They performed defensive and observation functions, and also served as granaries.
• Al-Qatt Al-Asiri Decorative Art: The facades and interiors of traditional houses are often adorned with vibrant geometric paintings known as Al-Qatt Al-Asiri. This art, created by women, is included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list and gives the buildings a unique flair. An example of such architecture is the historical Shada Palace, which has been converted into a museum.

Ottoman Influence

During the period when the region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, structures characteristic of Turkish fortification architecture appeared in Abha. These were mainly administrative and military facilities, such as Shamsan Castle. They are typified by strict forms, the use of stone, and an emphasis on functionality rather than decorative ornamentation.

Modern Urban Planning (20th-21st Centuries)

Since the mid-20th century, especially after integration into Saudi Arabia and the onset of the oil boom, Abha has undergone rapid modernization. This period is characterized by the following features:

• New Materials and Styles: Stone and mud were replaced by concrete, glass, and steel. Modern high-rise buildings, hotels, shopping malls, and public spaces designed in an international architectural style appeared in the city.
• Infrastructure Projects: The development of Abha as a tourist center stimulated the construction of modern roads, an airport, a dam, and cable cars, which changed not only the landscape but also the rhythm of urban life.
• "Vision 2030" Projects: Within the framework of the national "Vision 2030" program, ambitious urban planning projects such as AlWadi are being implemented. These projects aim to create a sustainable urban environment where modern architecture harmoniously combines with green zones and elements of cultural heritage, turning Abha into one of the most advanced and attractive cities in the country.

Distinguished Figures Associated with Abha

The history of Abha and the Asir region is rich with iconic names whose activities have left a mark on political, cultural, and public life. Below are some of the distinguished figures from different eras associated with the city and its surroundings.

• Hasan ibn Ayid

  Role: Emir of Upper Asir.
  Historical Significance: A representative of the Al-Ayid dynasty that ruled the region. Following the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century, he attempted to assert the independence of the emirate with its capital in Abha. His rule was an important stage in the city's history prior to its incorporation into Saudi Arabia.

• Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi

  Role: Founder and Ruler of the Idrisid Emirate of Asir.
  Historical Significance: In the early 20th century, he led an uprising against Ottoman rule and founded an independent state in the Asir region. Although his capital was Sabya, his influence and military campaigns directly affected Abha and played a key role in changing the political map of the region.

• Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

  Role: Future King of Saudi Arabia.
  Historical Significance: In 1922, as a prince, Faisal was sent by his father, King Abdulaziz, at the head of an army to establish control over the Asir region. He successfully completed this mission, definitively integrating Abha and its surroundings into the Third Saudi State, which defined the modern history of the city.

• Talal Maddah

  Role: Singer and Composer.
  Historical Significance: One of Saudi Arabia's most famous and beloved musicians, known as "The Voice of the Earth." His name is tragically and forever linked to Abha: in August 2000, he passed away on stage during a performance at the Al-Muftaha Theatre. This event was a shock to the entire Arab world and inscribed the artist's name into the cultural history of the city.

• Turki bin Talal Al Saud

  Role: Governor of Asir Province.
  Historical Significance: As the current governor of the region, Prince Turki bin Talal is a key figure in the modern development of Abha. He heads the Asir Development Authority and oversees the implementation of major projects within the national "Vision 2030" strategy, aimed at transforming Abha into a leading tourism and cultural center.

• Ali Al-Qarni

  Role: Fighter Pilot and Astronaut.
  Historical Significance: Ali Al-Qarni, who grew up in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, became one of the first Saudi astronauts to fly to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2023. As a native of the Asir region, he is a shining example of the achievements of the new generation and an inspiring figure for the youth of Abha and the entire country.