Kassala history

Kassala is a city in eastern Sudan with a rich history dating back to the 19th century. Its development is closely intertwined with military campaigns, trade routes, and shifting political powers in the region.

Foundation and First Mentions

The city was founded in 1840 as a military camp for Egyptian soldiers under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha during his expansion into Sudan. Initially established as a strategic outpost, it expanded over time to become a significant settlement.

Key Factors of Formation

Several key aspects contributed to the growth and significance of Kassala:

• Geographical Location: Its position at the foot of picturesque mountains and on the banks of the seasonal Gash River made the city a vital hub on trade routes between central Sudan, Ethiopia, and the Red Sea coast.
• Trade: Thanks to its location, Kassala quickly became a thriving commercial centre. Active trade in agricultural products, including cotton, fruits, grains, and gum arabic, was conducted here.
• Military and Political Role: Throughout the second half of the 19th century, the city held great strategic importance. In 1885, it was captured by Mahdist forces, in 1894 by the Italians, and in 1897 it was returned to Egyptian control, after which it became part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1899.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

Historically, these lands were inhabited by the Beja ethnic group, who still constitute a significant part of the city's population today. The early economy focused on agriculture, particularly cotton cultivation, as well as crafts and servicing caravan routes. Its status as a military and administrative centre facilitated the gradual development of infrastructure and population growth.

Key Dates in the History of Kassala

• 1840 — The city is founded as a military outpost of the Egyptian army led by Muhammad Ali during his expansion into Sudan.
• 1885 — Kassala was captured by Mahdist forces during a major uprising against Egyptian rule.
• 1894 — On July 17, Italian colonial troops under General Oreste Baratieri captured the city after the Battle of Kassala, incorporating it into Italian Eritrea.
• 1897 — Following the defeat at the Battle of Adwa, Italy was forced to return Kassala to Egyptian control.
• 1899 — The city officially became part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, marking the beginning of a period of British influence.
• Early 1900s — A railway was built, initially connecting Kassala to Port Sudan and later extended, transforming the city into a major trade hub.
• 1940 — On July 4, during the East African Campaign of World War II, Italian forces captured Kassala once again.
• 1941 — In mid-January, British forces regained control of the city, driving out the Italians.
• 1956 — Sudan gained independence, and Kassala became part of the new sovereign state.
• From the 1960s — The city began hosting large waves of refugees from neighbouring Ethiopia and Eritrea, as well as from other regions of Sudan due to conflicts.

Major Milestones in Kassala's Development

Since its inception as a military post, Kassala has undergone significant transformations, evolving into one of the key economic and cultural centres of eastern Sudan. Below are the main stages that defined the modern appearance of the city.

• Construction of the Railway (Early 20th Century). The laying of the railway line connecting Kassala with Port Sudan on the Red Sea was a revolutionary step for the city's economy. This turned Kassala into a crucial logistics hub, through which products from the rich agricultural region—primarily cotton and fruits—began to be exported to world markets.
• Agricultural Development in the Gash Delta. The city owes its prosperity to the fertile lands of the seasonal Gash River. The implementation of irrigation projects allowed for large-scale cultivation of cotton and sorghum, and made Kassala famous as the "fruit basket" of Sudan. To this day, the city is renowned for its plantations of mangoes, bananas, and grapefruits.
• Becoming an Administrative Centre. After Sudan gained independence in 1956, Kassala was confirmed as the capital of the state of the same name. This strengthened its political and urban significance, leading to the development of administrative infrastructure, the construction of government buildings, and the growth of the urban population.
• Formation of a Unique Cultural Identity. Its location at the crossroads between Sudan, Ethiopia, and Eritrea fostered a multi-ethnic and multicultural society. Historically a centre for the Beja people, it eventually became home to other ethnic groups, enriching its cultural traditions, music, and crafts.
• Founding of the University of Kassala (1990). The opening of a public university was a major milestone in the city's modern history. The institution, offering education in medicine, engineering, economics, and computer science, turned Kassala into an educational hub for the entire eastern region of Sudan.
• Growth of Urban Economy and Trade. Thanks to its strategic position and status as a transport hub, the trade sector developed actively in the city. The central market (Souq) of Kassala became one of the busiest in the country, attracting merchants and buyers from neighbouring regions and countries.

The architectural landscape of Kassala is a blend of various styles, reflecting its rich history as a trade, military, and administrative centre. The city was founded in 1840 as a military camp for Egyptian soldiers, which laid the foundation for its initial layout. In Kassala's urban planning, several key stages can be identified, each leaving its mark on the city's appearance.

Early Period and Colonial Influence

The initial development of the city was primarily functional, driven by its military role. With the arrival of Europeans in the late 19th century (first Italians, then the British as part of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), colonial features appeared in the architecture. This style, common in many African countries of that time, was characterized by the construction of administrative buildings, barracks, and residences for officials, combining European planning solutions with adaptation to the hot climate—for example, the use of verandas, high ceilings, and thick walls.

Traditional and Islamic Architecture

Parallel to colonial development, traditional local architecture has always been strong in Kassala. The region is characterized by the use of adobe (mud bricks) and other natural materials. This style, known as Sudano-Sahelian, can be seen in old residential quarters and some religious structures. A vital element of Islamic architecture in the city is the Khatmiyya Mosque. It is not only a spiritual centre but also a significant architectural monument that attracts pilgrims and reflects local building traditions combined with classical Islamic canons.

Modern Development

After Sudan gained independence in 1956, and especially with the city's growth as a state capital, a new stage of urban planning began. During this period, modern buildings made of concrete and brick began to appear, including government institutions, schools, hospitals, and new housing stock. The founding of the University of Kassala in 1990 also contributed to the emergence of new academic buildings and related infrastructure designed in a functional style. Today, Kassala's architecture is a mosaic where historic mud-brick houses stand alongside colonial-era structures and modern concrete buildings, reflecting all stages of this unique eastern Sudanese city's development.

Ahmad Pasha Abu Widan

A 19th-century governor of the region who succeeded the first Egyptian governor. In the 1830s and 40s, he focused his efforts on strengthening the administration in Kassala and the surrounding lands. Ahmad Pasha is known for his fight against corruption and the reorganisation of the governance system, which contributed to stability in the region.

Tawfiq Salih Jibril

One of the classic Sudanese poets who celebrated Kassala in his work. In one of his famous pieces, he called the city a "paradise of radiance." His poems became an important part of the cultural heritage and inspired many other artists.

Aisha al-Falatiya

A singer and composer born in Kassala in 1905. She is considered one of the first female singers in the history of Sudan to achieve widespread fame. Aisha challenged the social norms of her time, becoming a true pioneer on the national music scene.

Haitham Mustafa Karar

An iconic footballer in the history of Sudanese football who played as a midfielder. He began his professional career in the 2000/2001 season at the local club "Al-Merghani Kassala." His talent quickly attracted the attention of the country's leading teams, and his successful start in the city became a springboard for a brilliant career.