Nakhon Si Thammarat history

Foundation and First Mentions

Nakhon Si Thammarat is considered one of Thailand's most ancient cities, with a history rooting back to the first millennium AD. Historians associate the city's early period with the powerful kingdom of Tambralinga, which is mentioned in Indian and Chinese chronicles as early as the 7th century. For a long time, the city was known among Malay and Western traders by the name Ligor.

The name "Nakhon Si Thammarat" appeared later and translates from Pali and Sanskrit as "City of the Sacred Dharma King," highlighting its deep connection to Buddhist tradition and its status as the spiritual centre of the region.

Key Factors of Development

The city's development was defined by a fortunate combination of geographical and geopolitical conditions that turned it into a vital hub in Southeast Asia:

• Geographical Location: Situated on the eastern coast of the Malay Peninsula, the city possessed convenient access to the Gulf of Siam, making it a natural port.
• Trade Routes: Nakhon Si Thammarat became a key point on the maritime Silk Road, linking China with India and the Middle East. Vessels stopped here to replenish supplies and exchange goods.
• Political Influence: In different periods, the city fell within the sphere of influence of the Srivijaya Empire, and later became an important vassal, though with a high degree of autonomy, to the Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai and Ayutthaya.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

From the moment of its rise, Nakhon Si Thammarat formed as the main centre of Theravada Buddhism on the peninsula. According to historical data, it was from here that this branch of Buddhism spread to other Thai lands, including Sukhothai. The symbol of this spiritual power became the stupa of Wat Phra Mahathat temple, erected to house relics of the Buddha.

The economy of the early city was built not only on the transit trade of spices and ceramics but also on a high level of craftsmanship. Local artisans were renowned for the art of creating blackened silver items (Nielloware), which were highly prized at the royal courts of neighbouring states.

Major Historical Milestones

• 7th Century: The kingdom of Tambralinga flourishes on the territory of the modern city, becoming an important centre of international trade.
• Early 13th Century: Construction of the main sanctuary — the stupa of Wat Phra Mahathat temple, marking the establishment of Theravada Buddhism.
• 1278: The city acknowledges the suzerainty of the Sukhothai Kingdom, as recorded in the inscriptions of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great.
• 14th–15th Centuries: Nakhon Si Thammarat becomes part of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, receiving the status of a First Class City ("Muang Ek").
• 1629: The influential Japanese adventurer Yamada Nagamasa, also known as Okya Senaphimuk, becomes the city's governor.
• 1688: A city rebellion against the usurpation of power in Ayutthaya by King Phetracha, which was subsequently suppressed.
• 1767: After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese, the ruler of the city declares independence.
• 1769: King Taksin the Great leads a military campaign to the south and returns the city to the control of Siam's central authority.
• 1896: During the reforms of King Rama V (Chulalongkorn), the administrative circle Monthon Nakhon Si Thammarat is created.
• 1914: Opening of the railway connection linking the city with Bangkok and accelerating economic development.
• 2012: The Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan temple complex is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.

Stages of Development and Their Significance

The history of Nakhon Si Thammarat is a journey from the seaport of an ancient kingdom to a modern educational and cultural centre of Southern Thailand. The following key milestones are highlighted, defining the city's appearance and status:

• Formation of the City's Spiritual Axis (13th Century)
  The construction and subsequent reconstructions of the main stupa of Wat Phra Mahathat became a city-forming factor. The city developed around this sanctuary, which cemented Nakhon Si Thammarat's status as the religious capital of Southern Thailand and the main centre for the spread of Theravada Buddhism on the peninsula.
• Flourishing of International Trade (Tambralinga Era)
  Thanks to its strategic position on maritime routes, the city became a crucial transshipment point between China and India. This ensured an influx of capital, the development of port infrastructure, and cultural exchange, which formed the unique architectural and artistic style of the region.
• Development of Unique Craftsmanship (Niello)
  The establishment of a school of artisans for manufacturing blackened silver items (Nielloware) created an economic niche for the city. This craft provided prestigious exports for centuries: items made by local masters were considered the best gifts for the royal courts of Siam and foreign diplomats.
• Administrative Reform of King Rama V (Late 19th Century)
  The implementation of the "Monthon" system (administrative circles) transformed the city from a semi-autonomous vassal principality into a provincial administrative centre. This led to the modernization of governance, the appearance of government institutions, and changes in urban planning towards more modern standards.
• Opening of the Southern Railway (1914)
  Connecting to the country's railway network radically changed logistics. While connection with Bangkok was previously maintained primarily by sea, the railway accelerated the turnover of goods and passenger flow, stimulating the city's growth towards the station and reducing dependence on the seaport.
• Transformation into an Educational Hub (Late 20th Century)
  The opening of major educational institutions, including Walailak University, changed the city's demographics and economy. The influx of students and academic staff stimulated the development of the service sector and housing construction, turning the city into the intellectual centre of the region.

Urban Development and Layout

Nakhon Si Thammarat is a classic example of an ancient Southeast Asian city, where the layout was formed under the influence of religious concepts and defensive needs. The historical centre has a rectangular shape, elongated from north to south, which is typical for traditional Thai urban planning.

The city developed along a main axis — Ratchadamnoen Road, which runs through the entire centre. This thoroughfare connects key religious sites and historical monuments, creating a clear linear development structure.

Architectural Eras and Styles

The architectural appearance of the city represents a layering of several significant historical periods, each leaving its mark in stone and wood.

1. Srivijaya and Tambralinga Period (7th–13th Centuries)

The era of the city's establishment as a spiritual centre. The dominant style is religious architecture with strong Indian and Sri Lankan influences.

• Style: Lankan (Ceylonese) style stupas.
• Characteristic Features: Bell-shaped stupas with a spire, use of brick and plaster.
• Landmark Object: Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan. Its main chedi (stupa), 78 metres high, is a masterpiece of Southern Thai architecture, crowned with a golden spire. The small stupas surrounding it create a unique ensemble reflecting Buddhist cosmology.

2. Ayutthaya Period (14th–18th Centuries)

A time of strengthening the city as an outpost of the kingdom. Architecture acquires a utilitarian and defensive character, blending with the Central Thai style.

• Style: Ayutthaya fortification architecture.
• Characteristic Features: Massive brick walls, crenellated parapets, narrow arrow slits.
• Landmark Object: City Wall (Kamphaeng Mueang). Preserved fragments of the wall and the northern gate demonstrate the power of medieval fortification designed to protect the city from maritime raids and invasions.

3. Rattanakosin Period and Trade Influence (19th – Early 20th Century)

With the development of trade and the influx of Chinese immigrants, secular buildings appeared in the city, combining local traditions with European trends.

• Style: Sino-Portuguese (Chinese Baroque) and traditional Thai wooden style.
• Characteristic Features:
  • Shophouses: Two-storey buildings with a narrow façade, where the ground floor was used for a shop and the upper floor for living quarters. The décor includes stucco and arched windows.
  • Wooden Architecture: Houses on stilts with steep roofs and carved elements, adapted to the humid tropical climate.
• Landmark Objects: Old quarters in the Tha Chang road area and the former governor's residence.

4. Brahman Heritage

A unique feature of Nakhon Si Thammarat is the preservation of architecture related to Hinduism, which coexisted here with Buddhism.

• Objects: The chapels of Ho Phra Isuan (Shiva) and Ho Phra Narai (Vishnu). These small sanctuaries reflect the syncretism of local culture and the influence of Khmer and Indian traditions.

Modern Appearance

Today, Nakhon Si Thammarat combines historical heritage with modern urbanization. New districts with concrete buildings and shopping centres are growing around the historical core; however, high-rise construction in the centre is restricted so as not to disrupt the visual dominance of the main stupa. A special place is occupied by the Walailak University campus outside the city limits, representing an example of modern landscape and campus design.

Distinguished Personalities of Nakhon Si Thammarat

The rich history of Nakhon Si Thammarat has been shaped by the deeds of great rulers, creators, and politicians. Below are key figures whose names are inextricably linked with this city.

• King Sri Thammasokaraj
  Role: Legendary founder of the city and ruler of the Tambralinga Kingdom (13th Century).
  Significance: Considered the founding father of the city in its current form. According to chronicles, it was he who initiated the construction of the great stupa Wat Phra Mahathat to preserve the Buddha's relics, turning the city into the spiritual centre of Southeast Asia. His name became a titular designation for the city's rulers.
• Yamada Nagamasa (Okya Senaphimuk)
  Role: Japanese samurai, trader, and Governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat (17th Century).
  Significance: A unique figure in the history of Siam. He led the Japanese volunteer corps in Ayutthaya, and in 1629 was appointed ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat. His short rule symbolizes the era of Siam's openness to international trade and diplomacy, although Yamada's life ended tragically — he was poisoned as a result of political intrigue.
• Si Prat
  Role: Prominent poet of the era of King Narai the Great (17th Century).
  Significance: One of Thailand's most revered poets, exiled to Nakhon Si Thammarat from royal Ayutthaya. Here he continued to create, demonstrating his genius, but fell victim to local tyranny and was executed. Legend has it that before his death, he wrote a curse in the sand which later came true. His monument in the city serves as a reminder of the power of words.
• Chao Phraya Nakhon (Noi)
  Role: Powerful governor and military commander (Early 19th Century).
  Significance: Son of King Taksin (according to a common historical version), he governed the southern provinces during the reigns of King Rama II and King Rama III. He was effectively the "King of the South," conducted an active foreign policy with British colonial authorities in Malaya, and significantly strengthened the region's defence capabilities.
• Khun Phantharak Rajjadej
  Role: Police Major General and master of magical arts (1903–2006).
  Significance: A legendary policeman known for his uncompromising fight against banditry in the mid-20th century. In his later years, he became famous as the creator of the celebrated Jatukam Ramathep amulets, associated with the guardian spirits of the city stupa. His figure is surrounded by a mystical aura and commands immense respect from locals.
• Surin Pitsuvan
  Role: Diplomat, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, Secretary-General of ASEAN (1949–2017).
  Significance: A native of Nakhon Si Thammarat who became a world-class politician. He played a key role in the integration of Southeast Asian nations and the strengthening of democratic values. Surin Pitsuvan remains an example of a successful statesman from the Muslim community of Southern Thailand.