Isparta history

The history of Isparta is rooted in deep antiquity, spanning eras of great empires and trading dynasties. The city, known today as the "Capital of Roses", has come a long way from an ancient settlement to an important cultural and economic centre of modern Turkey.

Foundation and First Mentions

It is believed that a settlement on the site of modern Isparta existed as early as the time of the Hittite Kingdom. In the ancient period, the city was known as Baris and was part of the historical region of Pisidia. Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, the region became part of the Hellenistic world. Some historical sources link the origin of the modern name to "Sparta of Pisidia"—a name the city may have held during the Roman-Byzantine period, indicating the possible influence of Greek colonists.

Key Factors of Development

Geographical location played a decisive role in the city's development. Isparta is situated at a strategically important crossroads of trade routes connecting the interior regions of Anatolia with the Mediterranean coast. In the 13th century, after the arrival of the Seljuk Turks, the city became the capital of the Hamidoglu Beylik and a vital administrative centre for the entire Lake District. In 1381, Isparta peacefully became part of the Ottoman Empire. Although its political significance diminished slightly, it retained its role as a key trade and transport hub of the region.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

Since ancient times, Isparta has been renowned for crafts that continue to define its economic and cultural identity today. Carpet weaving is one of the region's oldest traditions; local carpets have always been prized for their high quality and unique patterns. Another hallmark became the production of rose oil. This craft was brought to the region by migrants from the Balkans and over time transformed Isparta into the unofficial "Rose Capital" of the country.

Key Milestones in the History of Isparta

The history of Isparta is a kaleidoscope of eras and cultures that have left their mark on the city's appearance. From ancient times to the present day, each period has contributed to shaping this unique corner of Turkey.

• Antiquity — A settlement existed on this site since the time of the Hittites, and in antiquity, the city was known as Baris, forming part of the historical region of Pisidia.
• 4th Century BC — Following the conquests of Alexander the Great, the region became part of the Hellenistic world, leading to the spread of Greek culture.
• Roman-Byzantine Period — The city, known at the time as Sparta of Pisidia, becomes part of the Roman and subsequently the Byzantine Empires.
• 1203 — Following the weakening of Byzantium, the city is captured by the Seljuk Turks, marking the beginning of a new, Turkic era in its history.
• 1280–1381 — Isparta becomes the capital of the independent Hamidoglu (Hamidids) Beylik (emirate), transforming into a significant political and administrative centre for the entire Lake District.
• 1381 — The Emir of Hamidoglu peacefully transfers his domains to the Ottoman Sultan, and Isparta becomes part of the expanding Ottoman Empire.
• 1417 — The construction of the Market Mosque (Ulu Cami) testifies to the growth of the city's commercial importance during the Ottoman period.
• Late 19th Century — Migrants from the Balkans bring Damask rose saplings to the region, laying the foundation for Isparta's future status as the "Capital of Roses".
• 1892 — The first distillation of rose oil takes place in Isparta, marking the beginning of industrial production of this valuable product.
• 1923 — Following the founding of the Turkish Republic and the population exchange with Greece, the Greek community leaves the city, ending centuries of Hellenic presence.
• 1992 — Süleyman Demirel University is founded, which today stands as one of the largest and most prestigious higher education institutions in the country.

Main Stages of the City's Development

The evolution of Isparta is a journey from a strategic mountain outpost to a modern agro-industrial and educational hub. Each era brought changes to the urban landscape and economic structure, forming the unique face of this region of Turkey.

• Capital of the Beylik (13th–14th Centuries) — The status as the political centre of the Hamidoglu Emirate gave a powerful impetus to urban planning. During this period, the foundations of the historical core were laid, and the first significant mosques and trading rows were built, defining the layout of the central streets for centuries to come.
• Peaceful Ottoman Integration (1381) — Joining the empire without military action allowed the preservation of accumulated resources and architecture. The city reoriented itself towards crafts and trade, becoming an important transit hub on routes linking inner Anatolia with Mediterranean ports.
• The "Rose Revolution" (1888–1892) — Experiments by Müftüzade İsmail Efendi to acclimatise the Damask rose radically changed the region's economy. From an ordinary provincial town, Isparta transformed into a global leader in rose oil production, ensuring an influx of foreign capital and the development of the perfume industry.
• Flourishing of Carpet Weaving (19th–20th Centuries) — The transition from home weaving to manufactory production made local carpets a major export commodity. This contributed to the formation of an influential class of artisans and merchants who actively participated in the cultural life and improvement of the city.
• Infrastructure Modernization (1960–1990s) — Thanks to the support of a native of the province, President Süleyman Demirel, the region received priority funding. The construction of dams, wide avenues, and industrial zones turned Isparta into a modern urbanised centre with a developed communications network.
• Foundation of the University (1992) — The opening of Süleyman Demirel University became a city-forming factor for a new era. The influx of tens of thousands of students revitalised the social sphere, stimulated the construction of new residential areas, cafes, and the emergence of modern entertainment infrastructure.
• Agro-Export Boom (21st Century) — In recent decades, the city has consolidated its status as the country's "fruit garden". The introduction of storage and logistics technologies has allowed Isparta to become a leading supplier of apples and cherries to international markets, diversifying the economy.

The architectural appearance of Isparta represents a multi-layered canvas, dominated by the heritage of the Seljuk and Ottoman eras, as well as active modern construction. Unlike many European cities, you will not find Gothic or Renaissance styles here, as the city's history developed within the traditions of Islamic and Turkish architecture.

Seljuk and Ottoman Heritage

The historical centre of the city preserves key monuments that shaped its appearance. These buildings reflect the transition from the Seljuk style to the early Ottoman style. The basis of architecture at that time was stone and wood, featuring simple yet monumental forms.

• Hızır Bey Mosque (Hızır Bey Camii): Considered the oldest mosque in the city, founded in 1317. Originally built of stone and wood, it has been rebuilt many times but retains the spirit of the region's early Islamic architecture.
• Market Mosque (Ulu Cami): Erected in 1417 and later reconstructed, this mosque is a vivid example of classical Ottoman architecture. It is characterised by more complex structures and decorative elements, reflecting the growth and prosperity of the city within the Ottoman Empire.
• Traditional Housing: In the old quarters, one can still encounter remnants of traditional Ottoman houses, often two-storeyed with wooden elements and inner courtyards. Until 1923, there was also a Greek quarter in the city, the houses of which had their own distinctive features, although many of them are in a dilapidated state today.

Modern Urban Planning

The modern stage of Isparta's development is largely linked to the founding of Süleyman Demirel University in 1992. This event triggered a construction boom and radically changed the face of the city. New residential areas with high-rise buildings, modern campuses, shopping centres, and public spaces appeared. The architecture of this period is predominantly functional, typical of many rapidly growing Turkish cities, where the main emphasis is on speed of construction and practicality rather than unique stylistic solutions.

Prominent Figures Associated with Isparta

The city of Isparta and its surroundings have been the birthplace or a significant place in the lives of many renowned figures in Turkey. These individuals have left their mark on the country's politics, religion, arts, and history.

Süleyman Demirel (1924–2015)

Politician, 9th President of Turkey. Born in the village of İslamköy in Isparta Province. Süleyman Demirel is one of the most significant Turkish politicians of the 20th century. He served multiple terms as Prime Minister and was elected President of Turkey, serving from 1993 to 2000. The university in Isparta, which plays a key role in the modern life of the city, is named after him.

Said Nursi (1877–1960)

Islamic Theologian and Thinker. Although Said Nursi was born in Bitlis, he spent a significant part of his life in exile in the villages and towns of Isparta Province, including Barla and Isparta itself. It was here that he wrote the majority of his magnum opus—the "Risale-i Nur", a multi-volume interpretation of the Quran. His teachings have had a profound influence on religious thought in Turkey and beyond.

Hafiz İbrahim Demiralay (1883–1939)

Political and Religious Figure. A native of Isparta, Hafiz İbrahim Demiralay was one of the leaders of the national resistance (Kuva-yi Milliye) in the region during the Turkish War of Independence. Later, he was elected as a deputy from Isparta to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, contributing to the establishment of the young republic.

Zeki Demirkubuz (born 1964)

Film Director and Screenwriter. Born in Isparta. Zeki Demirkubuz is one of the most famous and acclaimed directors of auteur cinema in modern Turkey. His films, such as "Innocence" (Masumiyet) and "Destiny" (Kader), have received numerous awards at national and international film festivals and are known for their deep psychological insight.

Emre Aydın (born 1981)

Rock Musician and Singer. Emre Aydın, born in Isparta, is one of the biggest stars of the Turkish rock scene. Gaining widespread fame after winning a music competition, he achieved national and international recognition. In 2008, he was awarded the MTV Europe Music Award in the category "Best European Act".