Bareilly history

The city of Bareilly, located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, possesses a rich and multi-layered history closely tied to key stages in the development of Northern India. Although archaeological findings near the city, such as the ruins of the ancient capital of Northern Panchala, indicate that these lands have been inhabited since ancient times, the modern city traces its history back to the Middle Ages.

The official founding date of modern Bareilly is considered to be 1537. However, the city acquired its status and significance later, in the 17th century, during the time of the Mughal Empire. In 1657, the city was significantly fortified and rebuilt, which became a major milestone in its development.

The growth and development of Bareilly were driven by several key factors:

• Strategic Location: The city is situated on the Ramganga River, which has facilitated the development of trade and agriculture since ancient times.
• Political Centre: In the 18th century, Bareilly became the capital of the powerful state of Rohilkhand, founded by the Afghan Rohilla tribes. This period defined the architectural and cultural appearance of the city.
• Trade Routes: Bareilly was located at the intersection of important trade routes connecting Delhi with Lucknow, making it a major commercial hub.

During its formative period, Bareilly was known as a centre for crafts and trade. The production of cotton fabrics, sugar products, and woodwork flourished here. The blending of cultures—Hindu and Muslim (especially under the influence of the Rohillas)—created a unique urban environment, which was reflected in the architecture, cuisine, and traditions. The city became an important centre of education, and Bareilly College, founded in 1837, is one of the oldest in the region.

Key Milestones in the History of Bareilly

The history of Bareilly is a kaleidoscope of events reflecting the changing eras and dynasties in Northern India. From ancient kingdoms to a significant role in the struggle for independence, the city has come a long way, leaving a noticeable mark on the culture and politics of the region.

• 4th-6th centuries AD — Ahichhatra, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Northern Panchala, was located near the modern city, as evidenced by archaeological findings.
• 1537 — Considered the founding year of the modern city of Bareilly.
• 1657 — The city was significantly fortified and rebuilt under the leadership of Mukrand Ray, a governor of the Mughals, which gave impetus to its development.
• 1707-1720 — Bareilly becomes the capital of Rohilkhand, an independent state founded by the Afghan Rohilla tribes.
• 1801 — As a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars and political agreements, the city and surrounding territories come under the control of the British East India Company.
• 1837 — Bareilly College is founded, one of the oldest and most prestigious educational institutions in Northern India.
• 1857 — During the Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny), Bareilly becomes one of the key centres of resistance against British rule, led by Khan Bahadur Khan.
• 1858 — In May, the city was taken by British troops under the command of General Colin Campbell after fierce fighting, marking the end of the rebellion in the region.
• 1975 — Rohilkhand University (now Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University) was established in the city, strengthening Bareilly's status as an important educational centre.

The history of Bareilly, a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, spans several centuries. During this time, it has evolved from a small settlement into a major industrial and cultural centre of the region.

Key Stages of the City's Development

• Foundation and Mughal Era: Although the first mentions of the settlement date back to 1537, the modern city was effectively established in 1657 by Governor Mukrand Ray. During this period, Bareilly became a fortified administrative centre, which contributed to its growth.
• Capital of Rohilkhand: In the 18th century, the city became the capital of the powerful state of Rohilkhand, founded by the Afghan Rohilla tribes. This period was marked by a cultural flourishing and left a significant mark on the city's architecture.
• Centre of the 1857 Rebellion: Bareilly played a key role in the Indian Rebellion. Khan Bahadur Khan, a descendant of the last ruler of Rohilkhand, declared independence and temporarily regained control over the region, making the city a symbol of the struggle for freedom.
• Development during British India: After suppressing the rebellion, the British stationed a large military garrison in Bareilly and laid a railway line. This stimulated the economy, particularly the production of sugar and famous cane furniture, earning the city the nickname "Bans-Bareilly" (Bamboo Bareilly).
• Industrial Growth: In the 20th century, the city strengthened its status as an industrial centre. Industries for rubber processing, camphor production, and matches developed here, diversifying the local economy.
• Educational Hub: After India gained independence, Bareilly became an important educational hub. The founding of Rohilkhand University in 1975 (now M.J.P. Rohilkhand University) and Bareilly College (1837) attracted students and scholars from all over the country.
• Modern Development: In the 21st century, Bareilly was included in the national "Smart Cities Mission" programme, aimed at modernizing urban infrastructure, improving the quality of life, and implementing modern technologies in city management.

The architectural appearance of Bareilly is a visual chronicle of its history, where every period has left its mark in stone. The city does not boast a single style; its built environment is an eclectic mix of Indo-Islamic, Colonial, and modern forms, reflecting cultural and political shifts over the centuries.

Mughal and Rohilla Heritage (17th-18th Centuries)

The foundations of Bareilly's urban planning were laid during the Mughal era and subsequently developed during the rule of the Afghan Rohilla tribes. This period is characterized by the dominance of Indo-Islamic architecture.

• Stylistic Features: Buildings of that time typically feature arched doorways, domes, courtyards, and decorative carvings. The primary construction materials were brick and red sandstone.
• Iconic Structures: Although many early fortifications have not survived, ancient mosques and tombs (mausoleums) can be found in the city and its surroundings, serving as vivid examples of this style. They demonstrate a fusion of architectural traditions from Central Asia and Northern India.

British Colonial Period (19th – Early 20th Centuries)

With the arrival of the British in 1801, the architectural landscape of the city changed radically. This is particularly noticeable in the southern part, where a large military town (cantonment) was built. During this period, European architectural styles adapted to local conditions became widespread.

• Indo-Saracenic Style: This hybrid style combined elements of British Neo-Gothic and Neoclassicism with motifs of Indian and Mughal architecture. A prime example is the main building of Bareilly College, founded in 1837.
• Neo-Gothic: The influence of the Gothic Revival appeared in ecclesiastical architecture. St. Stephen's Church in the cantonment is a classic example of this style with its lancet windows and characteristic masonry.
• Civil Architecture: Railway station buildings, post offices, and administrative blocks in the cantonment also bear the imprint of the colonial era, distinguished by functionality and strict forms.

Modern Architecture (Mid-20th Century – Present)

After India gained independence, Bareilly's architecture began to develop in line with national trends. The main focus shifted to functionalism and modernism. In the 21st century, with the city's inclusion in the "Smart City" programme, a new stage of urban development began.

• Functionalism: In the mid-20th century, utilitarian public buildings, educational blocks, and industrial facilities were predominantly built, characterized by simple geometric forms and the use of reinforced concrete.
• Modern Development: Today's cityscape is formed by new commercial centres, modern residential complexes, and infrastructure facilities created under the "Smart City" project. This architecture aims to create a comfortable and technologically advanced urban environment.

The city of Bareilly has given the world and India several outstanding individuals who have left a significant mark on history, culture, and politics. Here are some of them:

• Khan Bahadur Khan Rohilla (1823–1860) — Freedom fighter. Grandson of the last ruler of Rohilkhand, he became one of the key figures of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Proclaiming independence in Bareilly, he led a provisional government and became a symbol of resistance to British rule in the region.
• Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921) — Influential Islamic scholar and reformer. Founder of the Sunni Barelvi movement, which has millions of followers worldwide, especially in South Asia. His works and teachings have had a tremendous influence on Islamic thought, and his mausoleum in Bareilly is an important centre of pilgrimage.
• Wasim Barelvi (born 1940) — Famous Urdu poet. His pen name directly indicates his connection to the city. Wasim Barelvi is known for his ghazals and participation in poetry recitals (Mushairas) around the world. He also serves as the Vice Chairman of the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language in India.
• Priyanka Chopra (born 1982) — Actress and global celebrity. Winner of the "Miss World 2000" pageant, she began her career in Bollywood and achieved international acclaim. Priyanka spent part of her childhood and youth in Bareilly, where she studied at Maria Goretti College, and she often recalls this period with warmth.
• Percy Greig (1880–1949) — English cricketer. Born in Bareilly, Greig was a well-known first-class cricketer who played for the Surrey county team. He was a versatile player, achieving success both as a batsman and as a bowler.
• Santosh Gangwar (born 1948) — Prominent political figure. He has been elected to the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian parliament) from Bareilly multiple times and has served as the Minister of State for Labour and Employment in the Government of India. His long political career is closely linked to the city's development.