Surabaya history

Origins and Formation of Surabaya

Foundation and first mentions. The official founding date of Surabaya is considered to be May 31, 1293. This day marks the victory of troops led by Raden Wijaya, the founder of the mighty Majapahit Empire, over Mongol invaders. The city's name is steeped in legend: the most famous one tells of a mythical battle between a shark (sura) and a crocodile (baya), symbolizing the forces of the Mongol fleet and the Javanese defenders. Another version suggests that the name comes from the Javanese phrase sura ing baya, which means "bravely facing danger."

Key factors of development. The city owes its growth and historical significance to several key aspects:

• Geographical location: Its position on the north-eastern coast of Java, at the mouth of the Mas River and on the edge of the Madura Strait, made Surabaya a natural and strategically important port.
• Trade: Beginning in the 14th century, the city became one of the main trading hubs of the Majapahit Empire. Major spice trade routes passed through its port, which also facilitated the export of rice from the fertile central regions of Java.
• Political influence: For centuries, Surabaya was an important administrative and military centre. In the 16th century, the city was the capital of an independent sultanate, and in 1625 it was conquered by the Mataram Sultanate. Later, in 1743, it came under the control of Dutch colonizers, retaining its status as the region's key port.

Early cultural and economic features. Surabaya's economy was originally built on maritime trade, which contributed to its prosperity. As a major port city, it became a meeting place for different peoples and cultures. This is evidenced by the presence of a historic Chinatown and rich colonial architecture. The city also played a vital role in the spread of Islam in Java, as commemorated by the mosque and tomb of Sunan Ampel, one of the nine saints of Islam in Indonesia, dating back to the 15th century.

Key Milestones in the History of Surabaya

The history of Surabaya is a rich chronicle of events reflecting its transformation from an ancient port hub into one of the most important cities in modern Indonesia. The city has witnessed the rise of great empires, the colonial era, and the struggle for independence.

• May 31, 1293 — Considered the official founding date of the city. On this day, the forces of Raden Wijaya, founder of the Majapahit Empire, defeated Mongol forces.
• 14th–15th Centuries — During the golden age of the Majapahit Empire, the city becomes one of the main ports and a centre of maritime trade in Java. At this time, Islam begins to spread actively here, evidenced by the founding of the Ampel Mosque.
• Early 16th Century — Surabaya becomes the capital of an independent sultanate, continuing to play an important role in the spice trade.
• 1625 — The city is conquered by the powerful Central Javanese Sultanate of Mataram.
• November 11, 1743 — The Dutch East India Company officially formalizes its control over the city, which becomes a vital port and administrative centre of the colonial era.
• Early 20th Century — A major naval base is established in Surabaya, and the city itself becomes a centre for the labour and national liberation movements of Indonesia.
• 1942–1945 — During World War II, the city was occupied by Japanese troops.
• November 10, 1945 — The start of the famous Battle of Surabaya, one of the fiercest battles in the war for Indonesia's independence. This day is celebrated in the country as Heroes' Day to honour the courage of the city's defenders.
• 1949 — Following the conclusion of the war for independence, Surabaya finally becomes part of the sovereign Republic of Indonesia.
• 2009 — The Suramadu Bridge opens, connecting Surabaya with the island of Madura. This cable-stayed bridge became the longest in Indonesia and a crucial infrastructure project.

Main Stages of Surabaya's Development

The development of Surabaya as the second-largest metropolis in Indonesia is a story of continuous transformation from a trading harbour to a modern "smart city." Economic and urban planning changes have shaped the unique appearance of the city over centuries.

• Establishment as a Maritime Gateway (14th–15th centuries). Thanks to its strategic position at the river mouth, the city turned into a key transit point for the trade of spices and rice. This laid the economic foundation for the future metropolis and fostered cultural exchange, making the port a meeting place for Javanese, Chinese, and Arab traditions.
• Agro-industrial Boom and Railways (Late 19th century). The construction of a railway network connected the port with the rich plantations of East Java. A sharp increase in the export of sugar, coffee, and tobacco attracted foreign capital, which stimulated the expansion of the city limits and the construction of administrative buildings in the European style.
• Modernization of Tanjung Perak Port (Early 20th century). Large-scale reconstruction of the harbour allowed it to accommodate modern large-tonnage vessels, replacing the outdated port on the Kali Mas River. This urban planning decision cemented the city's status as the archipelago's main trading hub and defined its industrial development vector.
• Kampung Improvement Program (KIP) (Since 1969). A unique urbanization model aimed at improving traditional residential neighbourhoods without displacing residents. Integrating modern infrastructure into historic developments allowed for the preservation of the social structure and the city's distinctive atmosphere, becoming an example for many developing countries.
• Commercial Transformation (1980s–1990s). The construction of iconic shopping centres, such as Tunjungan Plaza, and the emergence of a high-rise business district marked the transition to a service economy. The city began to acquire a modern skyline, becoming a hub for shopping and business for the entire eastern part of the country.
• Opening of the Suramadu Bridge (2009). The launch of the longest bridge in the country, connecting the city with Madura Island, became a major infrastructure breakthrough. This strengthened regional economic integration, opened new opportunities for logistics, and expanded the metropolis's zone of influence.
• Ecological Renovation (2010s). Under the leadership of the city administration, a massive "green" reform was carried out. The revitalization of parks, implementation of advanced waste management systems, and street greening transformed what was once a strictly industrial centre into one of the most comfortable and well-maintained cities in the region.

The architectural appearance of Surabaya represents a multi-layered canvas where traces of different eras are intertwined: from ancient Javanese traditions to Dutch colonial heritage and bold modern projects. The city is a living museum where historic buildings stand alongside futuristic skyscrapers, reflecting the dynamic development of Indonesia's second-largest metropolis.

Colonial Era: Dutch Heritage

The period when the city was under the control of the Dutch East India Company (from the 18th century) left the most notable mark on Surabaya's architecture. During this time, a unique Indo-European style was formed, adapting European architectural trends, such as Neoclassicism and Art Deco, to the tropical climate. Buildings of this era are characterized by high ceilings, large windows, and verandas for better ventilation. A concentration of historic structures from that time is still preserved in the old part of the city, reminding visitors of its former status as a major trading port.

• House of Sampoerna — A striking example of 19th-century Dutch colonial architecture. Originally, the complex served as an orphanage, and later became the headquarters of one of the country's largest tobacco companies. Today, it houses a museum, a café, and an art gallery.
• Hotel Majapahit Surabaya — A historic hotel that witnessed key events in the struggle for Indonesia's independence. Its architecture combines the elegance of the colonial style with the luxury of the early 20th century.
• Post Office Building (Kantor Pos Surabaya) — A monumental structure in the Art Deco style that still performs its original function and stands as an important architectural monument of the city.

Modern Development and Postmodernism

After gaining independence, Surabaya's architectural landscape began to change rapidly. Colonial developments were replaced by modern and postmodern projects symbolizing economic growth and the city's new ambitions. Numerous shopping centres appeared, such as Plaza Tunjungan and Galaxy Mall, as well as high-rise office and residential buildings.

• Suramadu Bridge — Opened in 2009, this cable-stayed bridge connecting Surabaya to Madura Island became not only a vital infrastructure object but also a symbol of modern engineering in Indonesia.
• Intiland Tower — Designed by the famous American architect Paul Rudolph, this 12-story tower is one of his final projects and a striking example of Brutalism. The building features a complex structure with terraces on each level, providing natural lighting and ventilation.
• Al-Akbar Mosque (Masjid Al-Akbar) — The second-largest mosque in Indonesia, built in 2000. It is distinguished by a massive turquoise dome and a 99-meter minaret, making it a prominent modern landmark in the cityscape.

Today, Surabaya's urban development is also focused on creating a comfortable urban environment and ecological initiatives, thanks to which the city has repeatedly received international awards for greenery and waste management.

Distinguished Figures of Surabaya

Surabaya, the "City of Heroes," is the birthplace and centre of activity for many iconic figures in Indonesian history. These individuals have left an indelible mark on the politics, culture, and spiritual life of the country.

• Raden Wijaya (13th-14th centuries) — The founder and first ruler of the mighty Majapahit Empire. It was his victory over Mongol troops on May 31, 1293, that is considered the founding date of Surabaya, making him a key figure in the city's early history.
• Sunan Ampel (15th century) — One of the Nine Saints (Wali Songo) who spread Islam in Java. His mosque and tomb in Surabaya are among the most important pilgrimage centres in Indonesia, and his activities defined the spiritual character of the region.
• Sukarno (1901–1970) — The first president and one of the founding fathers of independent Indonesia. He was born in Surabaya on June 6, 1901. His charisma and leadership qualities played a decisive role in uniting the nation and fighting for sovereignty.
• Sutomo (Bung Tomo) (1920–1981) — A national hero of Indonesia and a revolutionary leader. His fiery radio speeches inspired Indonesian fighters during the Battle of Surabaya in 1945. He became a symbol of the unyielding spirit and courage of the city's residents.
• Try Sutrisno (born 1935) — An Indonesian military and political figure born in Surabaya. He served as Commander of the National Armed Forces and was the sixth Vice President of Indonesia from 1993 to 1998.
• Tri Rismaharini (born 1961) — The former Mayor of Surabaya (2010-2020), who received widespread recognition for transforming the city into one of the greenest and most well-maintained metropolises in Southeast Asia. Her successful governance and numerous awards made Surabaya an example for other cities, and she was subsequently appointed as Indonesia's Minister of Social Affairs.