History of Garowe

The history of Garowe, situated in the strategically important Nugal Valley, is closely intertwined with trade and political events in the Horn of Africa. In the 19th century, this territory was part of the Majeerteen Sultanate, which controlled a significant portion of the lands of modern-day Somalia. Later, during the colonial period, the region was included in Italian Somaliland, laying the foundations for future administrative changes.

A key factor determining Garowe's modern significance has been its geographical location. The city lies at the intersection of the main transport artery connecting the northern and southern regions of the country, which facilitated its rapid growth. From a small rural settlement, Garowe transformed into an important political and economic centre. This status was officially consolidated when the city became the administrative capital of Puntland, hosting key government institutions.

From early times, Garowe was not only a trading post but also a centre of cultural life. Islamic traditions, which arrived in the region as early as the 7th century with Arab traders, are deeply rooted in local culture and public life. Today, the city continues to play the role of a vital educational and commercial hub, while preserving its rich historical and cultural heritage, reflected in the architecture and traditions of its residents.

Key Dates in the History of Garowe

The history of Garowe reflects key stages in the development of the entire region — from the era of sultanates to its rise as a major administrative centre.

• Mid-18th Century: The territory where Garowe is located becomes part of the powerful Majeerteen Sultanate, controlling a significant part of the Somali Peninsula.
• 1889: The Sultan of Majeerteen signs a protectorate treaty with Italy, marking the beginning of the colonial period in the region's history.
• 1927: After several years of resistance, the Majeerteen Sultanate is finally incorporated into the colony of Italian Somaliland.
• 1960: Somalia gains independence, and Garowe, like the rest of the region, becomes part of the new Somali Republic.
• 1991: Against the backdrop of civil war, the central government of Somalia collapses, prompting the formation of regional administrations.
• July 23, 1998: Garowe is officially proclaimed the capital of the newly formed autonomous state of Puntland, marking a turning point in its history.
• Late 1990s — Early 2000s: Large-scale construction begins in the city; the presidential palace, parliament buildings, and ministries are erected, solidifying its status as a capital.

Major Milestones in Garowe's Development

Garowe's transformation from a small settlement into a bustling administrative and economic hub was driven by a series of key transformations that defined its modern appearance and significance for the entire region.

• Proclamation as Capital of Puntland (1998): This event was the main catalyst for growth. The capital status attracted government institutions, international organisations, and investment to the city, initiating large-scale urban development and an influx of population.
• Development of Transport Infrastructure: Its location on Somalia's main transport artery and the subsequent paving of roads connecting Garowe to the port of Bosaso and other cities strengthened its role as a key logistics and trade hub.
• Establishment as an Educational Centre: The founding of the School of Management in 1999, which later transformed into Puntland State University (PSU), turned Garowe into an important centre for higher education. The university trains specialists in management, IT, and social sciences, contributing to the socio-economic development of the region.
• Growth of Services and Telecommunications: Since the early 2000s, financial services and modern telecommunications have been actively developing in the city. The appearance of offices for companies such as Golis Telecom Somalia provided residents with access to mobile communication and the internet, sparking business development.
• Modernisation of the Healthcare System: A significant event was the opening of the renovated Garowe General Hospital, a reconstruction project completed in 2024 with the support of international partners. The addition of new departments, including maternity and intensive care units, significantly increased access to quality medical care for more than a million people.
• Urban Planning Initiatives and Housing Construction: In recent decades, the city has experienced a construction boom. Not only administrative buildings are being erected, but also new residential quarters, hotels, and commercial facilities, reflecting rapid population growth and economic activity.

The architecture of Garowe is, primarily, a story of modern urban planning. Unlike ancient cities with centuries-old layers of styles, Garowe's appearance was formed predominantly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, after it became the capital of Puntland in 1998. You will not find Gothic or Renaissance styles here, but you will witness how a new administrative centre rises from arid lands.

Main Stages and Styles

The city's architectural landscape can be broadly divided into three key components that coexist on its streets.

• Traditional Somali Structures: At the foundation lies the traditional dwelling, which in settled areas of Somalia is represented by a round hut ("mondullo") with a conical roof and walls made of woven branches plastered with clay. Although few such structures remain in the city itself, their principles — functionality and the use of available materials — can be traced in older residential neighbourhoods.
• Limited Colonial Heritage: The period of Italian influence in Somalia left its mark on architecture, but mostly in large coastal cities like Mogadishu. In Garowe, which was a small settlement at the time, virtually no monumental colonial buildings have survived. Its architectural appearance was not defined by European styles.
• Modern Functionalism (since 1998): This is the dominant style that has defined the face of Garowe. A construction boom began after the city was proclaimed the capital. New buildings are typically utilitarian reinforced concrete structures where the main goal is functionality. This style combines modern construction technologies with elements dictated by the climate and cultural norms, such as internal courtyards and high walls ensuring privacy.

Landmark Buildings and Urban Development

Garowe's urban development proceeded at a rapid pace, often outpacing formal planning. The city centre became the administrative quarter, where key facilities shaping its capital status are concentrated.

Among the most significant buildings are:

• Presidential Palace: The main administrative building of Puntland, designed in a strict, functional style.
• Parliament and Ministry Buildings: A complex of government structures that form the political core of the city.
• Modern Mosques: New religious structures combine modern materials with traditional elements of Islamic architecture, such as domes and minarets.

Overall, the architecture of Garowe is a clear example of how a city, having received a new status, rapidly builds its identity, prioritising practicality and speed of construction over architectural embellishments. It is the look of a young, developing centre whose history is being written right now.

Since Garowe is the administrative capital of Puntland, an autonomous region in northeastern Somalia, its history is closely linked to key political figures who defined the development of this territory. Many of them held high positions both in the Puntland government and at the national level.

Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed — one of the founders and the first President of Puntland (1998–2004). He played a central role in creating the autonomous state with its capital in Garowe. Later, he served as the President of Somalia (2004–2008), underscoring his significance in national politics.

Said Abdullahi Deni — the current President of Puntland since 2019, re-elected for a second term in 2024. Prior to his election, he served as the Minister of Planning of Somalia, where he participated in important national projects. His activities are aimed at strengthening government institutions in Garowe and developing the region.

Abdirahman Mohamud Farole — the fourth President of Puntland (2009–2014). His tenure is remembered for the active fight against piracy, which was a serious problem for the region. Farole also initiated reforms aimed at transitioning to a multi-party system.

Abdiweli Mohamed Ali (Gaas) — the fifth President of Puntland (2014–2019) and former Prime Minister of Somalia (2011–2012). As an economist with an American education, he focused on economic development, strengthening international ties, and implementing infrastructure projects in the region.

Hassan Abshir Farah — served as the Mayor of Mogadishu, and later was the Prime Minister of the Transitional National Government of Somalia. He is connected to Puntland, where he was the Minister of Interior in the early 2000s. His career reflects the complex political path of many Somali leaders operating at both the regional and national levels.