The history of Lugu traces its roots back to the Qing Dynasty. The name of the area literally translates as "Deer Valley." According to historical chronicles, the first settlers who arrived here in the middle of the 18th century (around 1755) found large herds of wild deer in these forests, which determined the settlement's name.
Initially, these lands were inhabited by indigenous peoples, but with the arrival of settlers from Fujian Province, active development of the territory began, leading to the formation of permanent villages that eventually merged into the modern administrative district.
Key Factors of Formation
Lugu's development was predetermined by its unique geographical location in Nantou County — the only landlocked region on the island. Several factors contributed to the settlement's establishment:
Geography and Climate: Its location in a mountainous area with frequent fogs, high humidity, and rich soils created ideal conditions for specific types of agriculture.
Natural Resources: An abundance of forests, and especially bamboo, allowed for the development of crafts and construction, providing residents with the necessary materials for life and trade with neighboring districts.
Early Cultural and Economic Features
The economy of early Lugu was built exclusively on agriculture, which over time transformed into highly specialized production. The cultural landscape was formed around labor on the land and harmonious interaction with nature.
Tea Culture: The most important stage in history was the beginning of tea cultivation. It is believed that saplings of the famous Dong Ding ("Frozen Peak") oolong variety were brought here and planted on the mountain slopes in the mid-19th century, forever changing the region's economy and bringing it fame.
Bamboo Industry: In addition to tea, residents were actively involved in growing and processing bamboo, which was used both for food (shoots) and for creating everyday items, becoming an integral part of the local identity.
Timeline
Key Milestones in Lugu's Development
1755 — Start of active land development by settlers from Fujian Province and the formation of the first permanent settlements in the valley.
1855 — Lin Fengchi brings oolong tea saplings from the Wuyi Mountains, laying the foundation for the production of the famous Dong Ding variety.
1901 — Establishment of an experimental forest plot, which would later become the core of the Xitou Nature Education Area.
1920 — During an administrative reform, the name Lugu, which translates as "Deer Valley," is officially approved.
1950 — Lugu is granted the status of a rural township (xiang) within the newly formed Nantou County.
1970 — The Xitou forest area officially opens to the public as a recreational and ecological education zone.
1976 — The Lugu Farmers' Association holds the first professional oolong tea competition, which later became one of the most prestigious in the world.
1980s — Beginning of the rapid development of agritourism, turning tea plantations into popular tourist routes.
1999 — After the September 21 earthquake, a large-scale reconstruction and modernization program for tourist infrastructure begins in the region.
2009 — The themed "Monster Village" opens near the Xitou reserve, becoming a new point of attraction for travelers.
Present Day — Lugu strengthens its status as a key center of Taiwan's tea culture and a popular destination for ecotourism.
Milestones
Key Stages of Lugu's Transformation
The development of Lugu is a story of the transformation of a remote mountain settlement into a thriving center for agritourism and world-class tea culture. Several key milestones have defined the modern face of the district:
Formation of the Tea Economy (mid-19th century).
The introduction of the "Dong Ding" Oolong variety was a turning point. This event reoriented local agriculture from growing food crops for survival to producing a high-margin product. Tea became more than just a commodity; it became the foundation of the region's prosperity.
Creation of a Scientific Base in Xitou (early 20th century).
The establishment of an experimental forest plot during Japanese rule (now managed by National Taiwan University) laid the foundation for ecosystem conservation. This urban planning and environmental decision prevented deforestation and created a base for future ecotourism.
Bloom of the Bamboo Industry (mid-20th century).
Before the advent of cheap plastic, Lugu was a major supplier of bamboo and bamboo products. The development of craft workshops helped form a class of skilled artisans and strengthened trade links with other regions of the island.
Institutionalization of Tea Quality (1976).
The launch of professional tea competitions by the Lugu Farmers' Association was a marketing breakthrough. This event standardized product quality and created a powerful brand, earning Lugu the unofficial status of the "Oolong Capital" and attracting connoisseurs from around the world.
Urban Reconstruction after the Earthquake (1999).
The devastating 921 earthquake was a tragedy, but also an impetus for renewal. The recovery program allowed for modernized infrastructure, strengthened buildings, and a rethinking of construction safety in mountainous terrain, making the area more visitor-friendly.
Creative Diversification of Tourism (2000s).
The emergence of sites like the Japanese-style "Monster Village" marked a shift from purely nature-based tourism to entertainment. This expanded the target audience, attracting young people and families with children, and boosted small business development (souvenir shops, themed cafes).
Architecture
Architectural Landscape: Harmony with Nature
The architecture of Lugu differs significantly from the urban landscapes of Taiwan's major metropolises. Here, you won't find skyscrapers or grand historical palaces. The region's urban development has been dictated by its status as an agricultural and tourism center: the buildings are low-rise, integrated into the complex mountain terrain, and closely tied to local natural materials — stone, wood, and, above all, bamboo.
The appearance of the settlements evolved over time: from the simple farming huts of the first settlers to modern designer tea houses and themed tourist complexes.
Evolution of Styles and Historical Eras
Lugu's architectural heritage can be divided into several key stages, each leaving its mark on the region's visual identity:
Traditional Minnan Style (18th–19th centuries): Typical for early settlers from Fujian. These are single-story brick or adobe houses with red roof tiles and curved ridges. They were often built in the sanheyuan format (a U-shaped courtyard) where large farming clans lived.
Japanese Colonial Style (1895–1945): During this period, buildings made of high-quality wood (cypress and cedar) appeared in Lugu, especially in the Xitou forest area. The style is characterized by clean lines, floors raised above the ground for ventilation, and the use of sliding doors.
Functionalism and Post-Earthquake (late 20th – 21st century): After the devastating earthquake of 1999, many buildings were reconstructed using reinforced concrete and earthquake-resistant technologies. The exterior of such buildings is utilitarian, often clad in small tiles characteristic of all of Taiwan.
Eco-Architecture and Themed Style (Modern Era): The development of tourism has led to the emergence of unique structures that use bamboo as a primary structural and decorative element, as well as imaginative buildings for entertainment purposes.
Iconic Sites and Areas
Several locations in Lugu clearly illustrate the architectural diversity and urban features of the region:
Tea Plantation Architecture: Numerous tea factories and tasting rooms are located along the mountain roads. Modern buildings of this type often combine industrial style with panoramic glazing, offering views of the misty mountains and rows of tea bushes.
Xitou Monster Village: A striking example of modern themed architecture. This is a shopping district stylized as an old Japanese village, featuring wooden facades, red lanterns, and statues of Yokai (Japanese spirits). Despite being a modern creation, the site successfully plays on the region's historical connection with Japan.
Bamboo Pavilions and Bridges: Bridges and gazebos made entirely of bamboo can be found in the area's nature parks. The most famous example is the bridge over the University Pond in Xitou, demonstrating the engineering potential of this traditional material.
Historical Streets of Old Lugu: Fragments of old buildings remain in the center of the village, where the first floors of traditional "shophouses" are still used to sell tea and local delicacies.
Notable People
Historical Figures and Cultural Icons
Lugu's history is inextricably linked with the development of the tea industry and the management of forest resources. Most of the region's prominent figures are individuals whose efforts transformed a remote mountain valley into a thriving land.
Lin Fengchi Scholar, pioneer of Dong Ding tea (19th century) A key figure in the region's history. In 1855, he traveled to Fujian Province to take the imperial examinations. Returning to Taiwan as a successful candidate (Juren), he brought back 36 saplings of elite oolong tea from the Wuyi Mountains. These bushes became the genetic foundation for the famous Dong Ding Oolong, which made Lugu world-renowned.
Lin Sanxian Patron, first planter (19th century) A local and sponsor of Lin Fengchi who paid for his trip to the examinations. In gratitude, he received a gift of 12 of the imported tea saplings. It was Lin Sanxian who planted them on the slopes of Dong Ding Mountain near Qilin Lake, effectively establishing the first commercial plantation and starting the district's tea economy.
Lin Shengyi, known as Matsubayashi Katsuiichi Forester, entrepreneur (Japanese Era) A local resident who worked in the Xitou experimental forests in the first half of the 20th century. His friendship with Japanese researcher Kubota and their contribution to forest conservation became legendary. This story served as the basis for the popular tourist attraction — the Xitou Monster Village, where Lin Shengyi is revered as a guardian of the forest.
Kubota Japanese researcher, forestry director (early 20th century) He headed the Xitou experimental forest (now under the management of National Taiwan University). He introduced scientific forestry methods that preserved the region's unique ecosystem. His legacy is immortalized in the name of a local bakery and in Lugu folklore as a symbol of friendship between peoples.
Lin Chi-chang Modern tea expert, public figure A direct descendant of Lin Fengchi and a prominent professional in the tea industry. He is actively involved in promoting oolong culture and strengthening ties between the tea regions of Taiwan and mainland China, continuing his famous ancestor's work in the 21st century.
Contribution to Regional Development
These individuals represent different eras, but they are united by a love for their homeland. While Lin Fengchi and Lin Sanxian created Lugu's economic foundation (tea), Lin Shengyi and Kubota laid the groundwork for the ecotourism that today attracts millions of travelers to the forests of Xitou.