Rawalpindi history

The history of Rawalpindi is a kaleidoscope of eras, cultures, and events that have shaped one of Pakistan's key cities. Although often perceived in conjunction with the modern capital, Islamabad, Rawalpindi possesses its own rich and centuries-old biography.

Foundation and First Mentions

The historical roots of the region date back to ancient times. It is believed that a Buddhist settlement existed on the site of the modern city, and some historians identify ruins in its vicinity with the ancient city of Gajipur. However, the modern history of the city begins in the 15th century. In 1493, the chief of the Gakhar tribe, Janda Khan, restored the ruined settlement and named it Rawalpindi, presumably after the village of Rawal. For a long time, it remained a small town until history brought it to the forefront.

Key Factors of Development

Rawalpindi owes its growth and significance to several key factors:

• Geographical Location: The city is located on the Pothohar Plateau, at the crossroads of important historical routes, including the famous Grand Trunk Road, which has made it a vital trading point since ancient times.
• Trade: Thanks to its location, Rawalpindi became a trade hub between Punjab, Afghanistan, and Kashmir.
• Military-Strategic Importance: The city's true flourishing began in 1849 with the arrival of the British. They established the largest military garrison in British India here, transforming Rawalpindi into a crucial administrative and logistical centre. In the 1880s, a railway was laid to serve the army's needs, which further accelerated its development.
• Capital Status: After the formation of Pakistan, from 1959 to 1969, Rawalpindi temporarily served as the country's capital while Islamabad was being built.

Early Cultural and Economic Features

For a long time, Rawalpindi was a bustling trading city with a multi-ethnic and multi-faith population. Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs coexisted peacefully here, creating a unique cultural environment. The city's economy was closely tied to trade and servicing the massive military garrison. Crafts developed, and the bazaars of Rawalpindi were famous for their variety of goods. This historical foundation is still felt today in the old quarters of the city, which contrast with the more modern districts.

Chronology of Key Events

The history of Rawalpindi is rich and multifaceted. Below is a brief timeline of key moments reflecting its journey from an ancient settlement to a modern metropolis.

• Ancient Period: The territory of the modern city was a centre of Buddhist culture, and according to historians, the ancient city of Gajipur was located here.
• 1493: Gakhar tribe chief Janda Khan restored the ruined settlement and gave it its modern name — Rawalpindi.
• 1765: The city came under the control of the Sikhs led by Sardar Milka Singh, who promoted its development as a trade centre.
• Early 19th Century: Rawalpindi briefly became a refuge for the exiled Afghan ruler Shah Shujah Durrani.
• 1849: The city was captured by the British, who soon turned it into the largest military base in British India.
• 1880s: The construction of the railway strengthened Rawalpindi's strategic importance as a vital military and logistical hub.
• 1951: The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, was assassinated in the city park, which was later named in his honour.
• 1959–1969: Rawalpindi temporarily served as the capital of Pakistan during the construction of the new capital city — Islamabad.
• Present Day: Rawalpindi is the fourth-largest city in the country, closely linked with Islamabad, and remains an important military, commercial, and cultural centre, housing the General Headquarters of the Pakistan Army.

The development of Rawalpindi is marked by several key transformations that turned it from a small settlement into one of Pakistan's most important cities. Each stage left its mark on the economy, culture, and urban landscape.

1. Establishment of the British Military Garrison

Significance for the city: After 1849, the British stationed the largest military garrison in British India in Rawalpindi. This was a turning point in the city's history. Infrastructure modern for that time was created for the army's needs: roads, sewage systems, hospitals, and schools. The appearance of the Cantonment (military town) with its orderly layout set a new standard for urban planning and stimulated the economy by servicing thousands of military personnel.

2. Railway Construction

Significance for the city: The construction of the railway line in the 1880s, connecting the city with Lahore and the ports, became a powerful economic catalyst. Rawalpindi consolidated its role as a vital trade and logistics hub on the Grand Trunk Road. This significantly simplified the transport of goods such as grain, wool, and cotton, fostering the growth of local markets and attracting traders from neighbouring regions.

3. Status as Interim Capital of Pakistan

Significance for the city: Between 1959 and 1969, Rawalpindi served as the country's interim capital while Islamabad was under construction. This status led to a massive influx of civil servants, diplomats, and investment. Administrative buildings and residential quarters were actively built, and the transport network and public utilities were modernized. This phase prepared Rawalpindi for its future role within the capital metropolitan area.

4. Formation of the Agglomeration with Islamabad

Significance for the city: The emergence of the new capital — Islamabad — next door created a unique "Twin Cities" urban system. Rawalpindi became the commercial and transport heart of the agglomeration, offering more affordable housing and lively markets, while Islamabad took on administrative and diplomatic functions. This synergy continues to define the economic and social life of both cities today.

5. Retaining the Role of Main Military Centre

Significance for the city: After Pakistan gained independence, Rawalpindi remained the country's key military centre, hosting the General Headquarters of the Pakistan Army. The constant presence of military structures has a huge impact on the city's economy, creating jobs and stimulating the development of related industries, from construction to the service sector.

6. Development as an Educational and Medical Hub

Significance for the city: Major civilian institutions eventually grew upon the infrastructure originally created for the military. Today, Rawalpindi is home to prestigious educational institutions, such as Rawalpindi Medical University, and leading clinics that attract people from across the country. This has strengthened the city's reputation as a vital educational and medical hub in the region.

The architectural appearance of Rawalpindi is a multi-layered canvas where eras and styles intertwine. Urban development can be roughly divided into three key periods, each leaving its unique mark on the built environment: pre-colonial, British colonial, and modern.

Pre-Colonial Architecture: The Old City and Havelis

The heart of old Rawalpindi is a labyrinth of narrow streets and bustling bazaars, such as the famous Raja Bazaar. This part of the city developed organically, without a strict plan. The architecture here reflects the influence of the Mughal era and Sikh rule. Striking examples are the havelis — traditional mansions of wealthy merchants. One of the most famous is Haveli Sujan Singh, built in 1893. This majestic building demonstrates an eclectic style, combining Sikh, Mughal, and European motifs, with intricate wood carving, spacious verandas, and elements imported from Great Britain.

British Colonial Period: Order and Monumentality

With the arrival of the British in 1849, Rawalpindi's urban planning changed radically. To the south of the old city, the Cantonment (military town) was established — an area with a completely different aesthetic. It is characterized by:

• Regular Layout: Wide, straight streets with rows of trees, creating a contrast with the chaotic development of the old city.
• Colonial Style: Buildings were constructed in Victorian and Indo-Saracenic styles. Massive red brick structures, such as barracks, administrative offices, churches, and cottages, still define the look of this part of the city.
• Iconic Landmarks: The Railway Station, built in the 1880s, became a symbol of the new era and a vital logistical hub. The British also created the Saddar shopping district, catering to Europeans.

Modern Development: Functionality and Growth

After Pakistan's independence, and especially during the period when Rawalpindi was the interim capital (1959–1969), the city experienced a new phase of growth. This period is characterized by more functional architecture aimed at solving administrative and housing challenges. The construction of Islamabad nearby created a unique "Twin Cities" agglomeration. While Islamabad developed according to a strict master plan as an administrative centre, Rawalpindi retained its role as a lively commercial and transport hub. Modern architecture is represented by office buildings, shopping malls, and new residential areas like Bahria Town, which sit alongside historical quarters, creating an eclectic and dynamic urban landscape.

Famous Personalities Linked to Rawalpindi

The history and culture of Rawalpindi are closely intertwined with the destinies of many prominent people — from founders and rulers to modern sports and art stars. The city has been the birthplace, the site of key life events, or the final resting place for iconic figures of Pakistani and regional history.

• Janda Khan — The Gakhar tribe chief who, in 1493, restored and rebuilt the settlement on the site of the modern city, naming it Rawalpindi. He is considered the founder of the city in its current form.
• Sardar Milka Singh — The Sikh chieftain who conquered Rawalpindi in 1765. During his rule, the city transformed into a thriving commercial centre, attracting traders and artisans from neighbouring regions.
• Liaquat Ali Khan — The first Prime Minister of Pakistan and one of the country's founding fathers. His life ended tragically in Rawalpindi on October 16, 1951, when he was assassinated during a public speech in the city park that now bears his name.
• Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan — The third President of Pakistan and a general. He led the country during a difficult period, including the 1971 war. Yahya Khan passed away in Rawalpindi on August 10, 1980.
• Jagjit Singh Aurora — A Lieutenant General in the Indian Army, born in the vicinity of Rawalpindi in 1916 (then British India). He became a key figure in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, commanding the Eastern Front.
• Shoaib Akhtar — The world-renowned cricketer born in Rawalpindi. For his incredible bowling speed, he earned the nickname "Rawalpindi Express" and is considered one of the fastest bowlers in cricket history.
• Veena Malik — A Pakistani actress, model, and television presenter born in Rawalpindi in 1984. She gained fame for her work in film and television both in Pakistan and abroad.