Tokunoshima

Tokunoshima is a captivating destination situated in the Amami archipelago of Kagoshima Prefecture. Known for its coral reefs, lush sugar cane fields, and distinct cultural traditions, this island offers a serene escape from the bustling metropolises of Japan. With a population of approximately 10,000 residents, it maintains a close-knit community atmosphere where ancient customs blend seamlessly with daily life.

The island boasts a warm subtropical climate, making it an excellent year-round destination for outdoor enthusiasts. The landscape is characterized by dramatic coastlines, limestone caves, and emerald waters. Visitors interested in the region's past can explore the unique history of Tokunoshima, which has been deeply influenced by its location between the Japanese mainland and Okinawa, creating a rich and diverse heritage.

One of the most famous aspects of the local culture is bull sumo (Togyu), a traditional and bloodless sport where massive bulls test their strength against one another, cheered on passionately by the locals. Beyond these spirited events, the island is renowned for its stunning natural beauty, including the pristine Prince Beach and the scenic Cape Inutabu. Tokunoshima is also celebrated for the remarkable longevity of its inhabitants, often attributed to the healthy local cuisine and the stress-free environment.

Whether you are looking to dive into crystal-clear waters or immerse yourself in a vibrant and welcoming culture, Tokunoshima promises an unforgettable journey. It is the perfect place to unwind, connect with nature, and experience the genuine hospitality of the Ryukyu Islands.

Tokunoshima features a humid subtropical climate, ensuring that the island remains warm and inviting throughout most of the year. For travelers wanting to pack appropriately for their specific travel dates, checking the detailed guide to the weather in Tokunoshima is highly recommended.

The island experiences distinct but generally mild seasons. August is typically the hottest month, with average temperatures reaching 28.4°C, while January is the coolest, though it remains comfortable with averages around 16.6°C. Expect hot, humid summers suitable for beach activities and mild winters that are perfect for exploring the outdoors without the need for heavy winter gear.

Rainfall is a common feature of the local climate, contributing to the island's lush greenery. June brings the heaviest rainfall with approximately 14mm of precipitation, while September sees the highest frequency of wet days. Visitors should be prepared for occasional showers, particularly during these months, but can generally look forward to pleasant conditions year-round.

Beyond the scenic beaches and traditional bullfighting rings, Tokunoshima holds fascinating secrets that reveal its biological importance and unique history. From rare "living fossils" to legendary figures of longevity, the island offers much more than meets the eye.

• Home to a Living Fossil: Tokunoshima is one of the only two places in the world (along with Amami Oshima) where you can find the Amami Rabbit. This primitive dark-furred rabbit is considered a living fossil because it retains ancient characteristics that have disappeared in other species elsewhere in Asia, contributing to the island's designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

• A Legend of Longevity: The island gained global fame for being the home of Shigechiyo Izumi, who passed away in 1986 and was celebrated as one of the oldest men in recorded history, allegedly reaching the age of 120. His legacy cemented the island's reputation as a "longevity island," and a bronze statue in his honor stands in his hometown of Isen.

• The Mystery of Unbuki: One of the island's most curious geological features is the Unbuki Underwater Cave. Although the entrance is located 400 meters inland, the water inside rises and falls with the ocean tides. It serves as a unique habitat where large marine life, including sea turtles and schools of fish, can be seen swimming in what appears to be a landlocked basin.

• Connection to the Battleship Yamato: The waters off the coast of Tokunoshima are the final resting place of the famous World War II battleship, the Yamato. A memorial tower stands at Cape Inutabu to honor the ship and its crew, serving as a solemn reminder of history amidst the island's breathtaking natural scenery.

Reaching this remote island paradise is part of the adventure, with air travel being the most convenient method for most visitors. Since the island is part of the Amami archipelago, travelers typically connect through major hubs on the mainland or neighboring islands. For a complete guide on logistics and transportation options, you can read more about how to get to Tokunoshima.

The island is served by its own facility, Tokunoshima (IATA: TKN), which welcomes domestic flights primarily from Kagoshima and Amami Oshima. Located approximately 18 km from the main town center, the journey from the airport by taxi takes around 45 to 50 minutes. While it is a smaller regional hub with an annual passenger traffic of about 200,000, it provides the vital link for tourists and locals alike.

For international travelers or those coming from other parts of Japan, Naha Airport (IATA: OKA) in Okinawa is a significant major hub situated roughly 217 km away. Although it is not located on Tokunoshima itself, Naha handles millions of passengers annually and serves as a key gateway to the Ryukyu Islands. Visitors often fly into Naha or Kagoshima first and then transfer to a smaller flight or ferry to reach their final destination.

Another option for connecting flights is Amami Airport (IATA: ASJ), located in the city of Amami, about 103 km north of Tokunoshima. As a prominent regional airport, it offers more frequent connections and serves as a common transit point for island hoppers exploring the archipelago.

For clarity, here is a summary of the main airports:

As an island destination, Tokunoshima does not have any railway stations or train services. Transportation on the island is limited to rental cars, taxis, and local buses. Visitors arriving by sea can utilize the ferry services that connect Tokunoshima with Kagoshima, Okinawa, and other Amami islands, docking at the island's main ports.

Mushiroze is a spectacular geological wonder located on the northern coast of the island. Unlike the rest of Tokunoshima, which is primarily formed from coral reefs and limestone, this area features massive granite slabs that stretch out into the ocean. The name translates to "spread out straw mat," referring to the flat, expansive appearance of the rocks. Visitors are drawn here for the dramatic scenery of waves crashing against the stone and the opportunity to walk along this unique, rugged coastline.

For those seeking a blend of natural beauty and history, Cape Inutabu is an essential stop on the westernmost tip of the island. The cape offers sweeping panoramic views of the East China Sea and is a popular spot for watching breathtaking sunsets. It is also the site of the Battleship Yamato Memorial Tower, dedicated to the fleet that sank in the surrounding waters during World War II. The contrast between the serene, grassy park and the powerful ocean cliffs makes it a poignant and scenic destination.

Inno Jofuta, often referred to as the "Spectacles Rock," is a fascinating natural formation carved by the relentless power of the sea. Located along the coast, this coral limestone rock features two large holes that resemble a pair of glasses when viewed from a distance. It serves as a perfect example of the island's dynamic coastal erosion and provides a picturesque frame for the blue waters behind it, making it a favorite spot for photographers.

Nature lovers should not miss the Agon no Gajumaru, a majestic 300-year-old banyan tree situated in the Agon district. This massive tree spreads its branches wide, creating a natural canopy that covers a significant area. It is a symbol of the island's lush vegetation and vitality. Walking beneath its sprawling limbs and hanging aerial roots offers a peaceful retreat and a sense of connection to the ancient natural history of the Ryukyu Islands.

The culinary landscape of Tokunoshima is a delightful reflection of its subtropical climate and its unique position between mainland Japan and Okinawa. Known as an "island of longevity," the local diet is often credited for the health and vitality of its residents. The food here is characterized by fresh, locally sourced ingredients, including abundant seafood, sun-ripened vegetables, and the island's famous brown sugar, creating a flavor profile that is both rustic and nourishing.

One dish that every visitor must try is Keihan (chicken rice). Although it originated in the wider Amami region, it is a staple on Tokunoshima. This comforting meal consists of a bowl of white rice topped with shredded chicken, sliced omelet, shiitake mushrooms, and pickled papaya, all submerged in a rich, savory chicken broth. It is a light yet flavorful dish often served to welcome guests. Another local favorite is Abura-zomen, a stir-fried noodle dish made with somen noodles, pork belly, and vegetables, tossed in oil and broth for a hearty, savory taste.

For the more adventurous eater, goat meat (yagi) is a significant part of the island's food culture. Often consumed to boost stamina or celebrate special occasions, it is typically served as Yagi-jiru (goat soup) or even as raw sashimi. The flavor is strong and distinct, making it a memorable culinary experience for those willing to try it. Seafood lovers will also find plenty to enjoy, from fresh sashimi to grilled turban shells caught in the surrounding coral reefs.

The island's vast sugar cane fields produce one of its most famous products: brown sugar (kokuto). This unrefined sugar is rich in minerals and is used in various sweets and snacks. You might find locals enjoying small chunks of pure brown sugar with tea as a natural energy booster. The fertile soil also yields delicious tropical fruits, such as the sweet and tangy Tankan citrus and succulent mangoes, which are perfect for a refreshing snack in the humid weather.

When it comes to drinks, Tokunoshima is renowned for Kokuto Shochu, a distilled spirit made from brown sugar. By law, this type of shochu can only be produced in the Amami archipelago. Despite being made from sugar, the spirit contains zero sugar and has a smooth, fragrant aroma that pairs perfectly with local dishes. It is commonly enjoyed on the rocks or mixed with water.

Dining in Tokunoshima is a casual and friendly affair. The island does not have many high-end luxury restaurants; instead, the best food is found in small izakayas (Japanese pubs) and family-run eateries. These places offer a warm atmosphere where tourists can rub shoulders with locals, often leading to lively conversations and a deeper appreciation of the island's welcoming spirit.

Visiting Tokunoshima offers a rare glimpse into a slower, traditional way of Japanese life, far removed from the neon lights of the big cities. To help you navigate this subtropical paradise smoothly and make the most of your island getaway, here are some essential practical tips.

1. Clothing and Gear: Due to the humid subtropical climate, lightweight and breathable clothing is best for summer visits, along with a hat and high-SPF sunscreen. Winters are mild but can be breezy, so packing a windbreaker or light fleece is advisable. Since the island is famous for its nature trails and limestone caves, bring sturdy, comfortable walking shoes. Don't forget a universal power adapter for Type A sockets (standard in Japan).

2. Transportation: Renting a car is highly recommended and is effectively the only way to explore the island freely. While there is a local bus service (Tokunoshima Bus), routes are limited and schedules can be infrequent, making it difficult to reach remote scenic spots. Taxis are available in the main town areas like Kametsu but can be expensive for long-distance touring. Remember that traffic flows on the left side of the road.

3. Finances: Cash is king on Tokunoshima. While some hotels and larger supermarkets accept credit cards, many small family-run restaurants, souvenir shops, and rural vendors do not. Ensure you carry sufficient Japanese Yen (JPY). International ATMs are generally found at Japan Post Bank locations and some convenience stores, but it is wise to withdraw money before leaving the main town centers. Tipping is not customary and may even cause confusion.

4. Health and Safety: The island is very safe regarding crime, but nature requires caution. Be aware of the Habu, a venomous pit viper found in the Amami archipelago. Avoid walking through tall grass or sugar cane fields, especially at night, and stick to paved paths. Pharmacies are available in the main towns but are not open 24/7; for emergencies, dial 119 for an ambulance.

5. Communication: English is not widely spoken, especially among the older generation who may speak a local dialect known as Shima-guchi. Installing a translation app on your phone is incredibly useful. Free Wi-Fi is often limited to hotels and ferry terminals, so renting a Pocket Wi-Fi or purchasing a SIM card at a major airport (like Tokyo or Osaka) before arriving on the island is strongly advised for navigation.

6. Local Etiquette: Politeness is paramount. A slight bow is the standard greeting. Always remove your shoes when entering a home, a traditional ryokan, or certain indoor areas of restaurants. The islanders are known for their warm hospitality (omotenashi), so showing appreciation for their food and culture with a simple "Arigato" (Thank you) goes a long way.

7. What to Avoid: Do not enter private sugar cane fields or farms without permission. Not only is this trespassing on private property, but it also increases the risk of encountering dangerous wildlife like the Habu snake. Additionally, avoid being overly loud or rowdy in residential areas at night, as the local lifestyle is generally quiet and early-to-bed.

8. Additional Tip: Embrace "Island Time." Life on Tokunoshima moves at a relaxed pace compared to mainland Japan. Shops might close unpredictably for local festivals or family events, and service is unhurried. If you are interested in the local culture, check the schedule for Togyu (bull sumo) practice matches; seeing the bulls up close is a unique experience specific to this region.

By keeping these tips in mind, you will be well-prepared to enjoy the stunning landscapes and heartfelt hospitality of Tokunoshima. Relax, disconnect from the rush of daily life, and let the island's natural rhythm guide your adventure.

Entertainment and nightlife in Tokunoshima offer a refreshing departure from the neon-lit intensity of Japan's major cities. Instead of large dance clubs or sprawling entertainment complexes, the island provides a warm, authentic experience centered on community, conversation, and local spirits. The hub of this activity is undoubtedly the **Kametsu** district in Tokunoshima Town, where the highest concentration of dining and drinking establishments creates a lively yet relaxed atmosphere after dark.

The evening typically begins at an **izakaya** (Japanese-style pub), where locals and visitors gather to share plates of fresh sashimi, fried dishes, and regional specialties. The vibe is casual and welcoming, with no strict dress code—shorts and sandals are perfectly acceptable, especially in the warmer months. Following dinner, the local custom is to move to a **Snack Bar**. These unique establishments are the heartbeat of the island's nightlife. Unlike a typical western bar, a "Snack" usually involves a set cover charge (often including light appetizers) and focuses heavily on karaoke and interaction with the "Mama-san" or "Master" behind the counter. It is an immersive way to experience the island's hospitality.

For those seeking a night out, the streets of **Kametsu** are the best place to explore. While there are no massive nightclubs, the area is dense with small venues that stay open late, typically until 1:00 AM or 2:00 AM on weekends. Prices are generally affordable compared to the mainland; expect to spend around 3,000 to 5,000 JPY for a night of eating and drinking. The "bottle keep" system is common in snack bars, where regulars keep their own bottle of **Kokuto Shochu** (brown sugar spirit) on the shelf, though casual visitors can usually order by the glass.

Safety is one of Tokunoshima's strong suits, and walking around the Kametsu nightlife district is considered very safe. However, transportation requires careful planning. Public buses cease operations in the early evening, so you cannot rely on them for a night out. If you are staying outside of walking distance, you must use a **taxi** or a **Daikou** (designated driver service). The Daikou service is particularly popular in rural regions; a team of two drivers arrives, one to drive you and the other to drive your rental car back to your accommodation. You can ask any restaurant or bar staff to call a taxi or Daikou for you.

While the nights are for socializing, daytime entertainment on the island is more laid-back and culturally oriented. Visitors can spend their afternoons exploring the **Tokunoshima Fruit Garden**, where the island's tropical bounty is on display, or visiting the **Tokunoshima Town Cultural Center** to gain deeper insights into the local history and arts. These venues offer a peaceful counterpoint to the spirited karaoke sessions that define the island's evenings.

While Tokunoshima is primarily celebrated for its raw natural beauty, the island also features well-maintained parks and cultural institutions that offer deeper insights into its heritage and subtropical environment. Visitors can enjoy a mix of scenic recreational areas perfect for relaxation and small but informative museums that preserve the island's unique history and traditions.

Aze Prince Beach Seaside Park is one of the island's most popular recreational spots, located along the northeast coast. This extensive park combines the natural beauty of a coral reef coastline with convenient facilities, including campsites, picnic areas, and walking paths. It is an ideal location for families and outdoor enthusiasts who wish to swim in the crystal-clear waters of Prince Beach and then relax on the grassy lawns. During the summer, the park comes alive with locals enjoying barbecues and the vibrant colors of the coral sea.

For those seeking panoramic views, Amagi Comprehensive Sports Park (often referred to as Sunset Hill) in Amagi Town is a must-visit. Situated on elevated ground, the park offers sweeping vistas of the East China Sea and is renowned as one of the best spots on the island to watch the sunset. The grounds feature expansive playgrounds for children, sports facilities, and walking trails lined with hibiscus and palm trees, making it a perfect place for a leisurely afternoon stroll or a morning jog.

To understand the island's rich cultural tapestry, a visit to the Isen Town History and Folklore Museum is highly recommended. Located in the southern town of Isen, this museum focuses on the daily lives of the islanders throughout history. Exhibits include traditional farming tools used for sugar cane cultivation, artifacts related to the island's famous bull sumo (Togyu), and displays honoring Shigechiyo Izumi, the long-lived resident who brought global attention to Tokunoshima. It provides a fascinating look at the resilience and community spirit of the local people.

Another key cultural venue is the Amagi Town History and Folklore Museum (Yunoon). This facility offers a broader perspective on the natural history and archaeological findings of the northern region. Visitors can explore displays featuring ancient pottery, fossils, and information about the indigenous wildlife, including the rare Amami Rabbit. The museum serves as an educational hub where travelers can learn about the delicate ecosystem that defines this part of Japan.

In terms of architectural and cultural landmarks, the Tokunoshima Bullfighting Domes stand out as significant structures. While bullfighting often takes place outdoors, the covered domes, such as the one in Tokunoshima Town, are impressive venues designed to host thousands of spectators. These arenas are the heart of the island's social life during tournaments, reflecting the deep passion the community holds for this centuries-old tradition.

For a quieter, authentic experience, seek out the small village shrines tucked away in the residential districts or near the coast. These simple, often open-air sacred spaces are surrounded by banyan trees and offer a peaceful atmosphere where you can observe the local practice of nature worship and ancestor veneration, far removed from the main tourist trail.

Navigating Tokunoshima requires a shift in mindset from the convenient, high-speed rail networks found on the Japanese mainland. As a remote island destination, there are no trains, subways, or trams here. The public transport system relies entirely on road-based options, primarily a local bus network that connects the island's three main towns: Tokunoshima (Kametsu), Isen, and Amagi. For most visitors, understanding the bus schedule or arranging private transport is essential for a smooth trip.

The backbone of public transportation is the Tokunoshima Bus service. These buses run on specific routes circling the island and crossing through the center, linking the airport and ferry ports with major settlements. While reliable, the frequency is relatively low, with some routes operating only once every hour or two. The service generally starts around 6:00 AM and ends in the early evening, around 7:00 PM. Travelers should always check the latest timetables at the airport or ferry terminal upon arrival, as missing the last bus can leave you stranded far from your accommodation.

Payment on local buses is typically done with cash, and the system follows the standard Japanese rural bus format. When you board the bus (usually from the rear or middle door), you must take a small numbered paper ticket called a seiriken from the dispenser. A digital display at the front of the bus will show the fare corresponding to your ticket number, which increases as you travel further. When you reach your destination, you drop the exact fare and the paper ticket into the box next to the driver before exiting through the front door. It is important to carry plenty of 1,000 yen notes and coins, as the change machines on buses cannot handle large bills like 5,000 or 10,000 yen notes.

For tourists planning to use the bus extensively, it is worth inquiring about a One-Day Pass or multi-day unlimited ride tickets. These are sometimes available for purchase at the bus ticket counters at the ferry terminal or airport, offering a cost-effective way to hop between towns without worrying about calculating fares for every single trip. However, unlike in Tokyo or Osaka, IC cards like Suica or Pasmo are generally not accepted on these local island buses, so cash remains the primary method of payment.

Given the limited bus schedule, rental cars are widely considered the most practical choice for exploring Tokunoshima. Agencies are available near the airport and the main port in Kametsu. Having a car allows you to reach secluded beaches, observation decks, and restaurants that are not serviced by bus routes. Taxis are another alternative and can be found at designated stands or called via phone. They are reliable and safe but can become quite expensive for long-distance travel across the island.

For shorter distances or a more leisurely pace, rental bicycles are a popular option. Many hotels and tourist information centers offer bike rentals, including electric-assist bicycles which are highly recommended due to the island's hilly terrain. Cycling allows you to enjoy the coastal breezes and scenic sugar cane fields at your own speed, making it a delightful way to explore the local neighborhoods around your hotel.

Accommodation in Tokunoshima reflects the island's unpretentious and authentic character. Unlike the luxury resort developments found in Okinawa or parts of Amami Oshima, the lodging options here are primarily functional and deeply integrated into the local community. Visitors will mostly find straightforward business hotels, cozy family-run guesthouses known as minshuku, and a few seaside cottages. The focus is less on lavish amenities and more on providing a comfortable base for exploring the island's natural and cultural wonders.

For most travelers, the most convenient area to stay is Kametsu (Tokunoshima Town). As the island's commercial center and the site of the main ferry port, Kametsu offers the highest concentration of accommodation options. Staying here places you within walking distance of supermarkets, the post office, and the lively izakaya district, making it easy to find dinner or entertainment after a day of sightseeing. It is the best choice for those relying on public buses or looking to experience the local town life.

Another strategic location is the Amagi area, situated near the airport on the western side of the island. This area is ideal for travelers with early flights or those who prefer a quieter environment close to the sunset viewpoints at Cape Inutabu. While dining options are fewer compared to Kametsu, the proximity to the airport and rental car agencies makes it a practical hub for logistics. The southern town of Isen offers a more rural experience, often featuring smaller inns tucked away amidst the sugar cane fields and historical sites.

When planning your trip, it is important to note that accommodation capacity on the island is limited. During major events, particularly the large bull sumo tournaments (typically held in January, May, and October) or the Obon holiday season in August, rooms can book out weeks or even months in advance. It is highly recommended to secure your reservation as early as possible if your travel dates coincide with these popular times.

The price range for accommodation in Tokunoshima is generally affordable. Budget travelers can find simple rooms in minshukus or business hotels for approximately 4,000 to 7,000 JPY per night, often including breakfast. Mid-range options, which may offer larger rooms or ocean views, typically range from 8,000 to 12,000 JPY. While major hotel booking websites list the larger business hotels, many smaller traditional inns still rely on direct phone bookings or Japanese-language websites. Additionally, while larger establishments accept credit cards, smaller guesthouses often require payment in cash, so it is wise to arrive prepared.

Nago is located in the northern part of Okinawa Island and acts as a gateway to the lush Yanbaru region. Known for its rich natural environment, the city is famous for the Nago Pineapple Park and the beautiful cherry blossoms that bloom early in the year at Nago Central Park. It offers a relaxed atmosphere with pristine beaches and provides easy access to nearby attractions like the Churaumi Aquarium.

Okinawa City, often historically referred to as Koza, presents a unique blend of traditional island culture and American influence. Visitors can explore the Southeast Botanical Gardens, which showcase diverse tropical plant species, or experience the vibrant local music scene at Koza Music Town. The city offers a lively and urban contrast to the quieter, rural pace of Tokunoshima.

Uruma is renowned for its spectacular coastal scenery, most notably the Kaichu Doro (Mid-Sea Road), a scenic causeway that connects the main island to four smaller outlying islands. History enthusiasts will appreciate the Katsuren Castle Ruins, a UNESCO World Heritage Site that sits atop a hill, offering breathtaking panoramic views of the Pacific Ocean.

These regional connections offer a glimpse into the diverse culture and landscapes of the Ryukyu Islands.

Shopping in Tokunoshima offers a delightful opportunity to discover authentic island products rather than international luxury brands. The retail scene here is modest and deeply connected to the local agriculture and culture. Visitors will not find high-end fashion boutiques or sprawling department stores; instead, the island features charming family-run shops, local supermarkets, and direct-sales stands where the warmth of the community is as palpable as the quality of the goods.

The main commercial hub of the island is located in the Kametsu district of Tokunoshima Town. This area contains the highest concentration of retail establishments, ranging from clothing stores to souvenir shops. Walking along the streets near the ferry terminal and the town hall, travelers can find essential items and browse through small stores that have served the local population for generations. It is the liveliest part of the island and the best place to stock up on supplies.

While there are no massive shopping malls comparable to those in Japan's major cities, the island is served by larger supermarkets and shopping centers that act as community hubs. Stores like A-Coop provide a variety of goods, from fresh groceries to daily necessities and clothing. These centers often feature sections dedicated to local souvenirs, making them convenient stops for tourists looking to buy regional specialties in one place.

For a more traditional shopping experience, visitors should explore the local farmers' markets and direct-sales depots known as chokubai-jo. These markets are excellent for finding freshly harvested tropical fruits, locally grown vegetables, and handmade crafts. Places like the Hyakusai Ichiba (Hundred Year Market) offer a glimpse into the island's agricultural bounty, where you can purchase seasonal delights directly from the producers at very reasonable prices.

When searching for the perfect memento, brown sugar (kokuto) tops the list of must-buy souvenirs. Produced from the island's vast sugar cane fields, it is available in its pure form or processed into candies, cookies, and cakes. Another signature product is Kokuto Shochu, a distilled spirit unique to the Amami islands that makes for an excellent gift. Additionally, look for Sun Rouge tea, a special variety grown on the island known for its high antioxidant content and unique color-changing properties when lemon is added.

Store opening hours in Tokunoshima are generally shorter than in metropolitan areas. Most shops open around 9:00 AM or 10:00 AM and close by 7:00 PM or 8:00 PM. Supermarkets may stay open later, but small family businesses often close early and may have irregular holidays. It is advisable to do your shopping during the day to avoid finding closed doors in the evening.

Regarding payment, Tokunoshima is still largely a cash-based society. While larger supermarkets, hotels, and some modern souvenir shops accept credit cards, many small vendors, markets, and traditional stores only accept cash. Travelers should ensure they carry sufficient Japanese Yen. Tax-free shopping is quite limited on the island and is generally not available outside of a few major drugstores or national chains, so visitors should not rely on obtaining tax refunds for most local purchases.