Qingyang

Qingyang, often referred to as "Longdong" due to its location in the eastern part of the Gansu province, is a city of profound historical significance and unique geographical charm. Situated on the world's largest and best-preserved Loess Plateau, this region offers a distinctive landscape of deep ravines and vast tablelands. With a population of over 2.2 million, it serves as a vital cultural hub connecting the traditions of the past with modern life. As you explore China, Qingyang stands out as the legendary birthplace of the nation's farming civilization and traditional medicine, making it a fascinating destination for those interested in the roots of Chinese culture.

The city experiences a continental climate with distinct seasons, characterized by warm, humid summers and cold, dry winters. This seasonal variation adds to the beauty of the local scenery, from the lush greenery of the warmer months to the stark, majestic snowscapes of winter. The area is also renowned for its rich folk customs, earning it titles such as the "Hometown of Sachet Embroidery" and the "Hometown of Shadow Puppetry."

Visitors are drawn to Qingyang not only for its landscapes but also for its deep historical roots. The history of Qingyang is intimately linked to the Zhou Dynasty ancestors, who are said to have taught the people how to farm here, effectively starting the agricultural civilization of the region. To honor this heritage, the Zhou Ancestor Mausoleum is a must-visit site, situated atop a mountain and offering both cultural insights and panoramic views.

Another highlight is the North Grotto Temple (Beishiku Temple), which dates back to the Northern Wei Dynasty. Carved into the sandstone cliffs, this site features hundreds of caves and over two thousand statues, showcasing the exquisite craftsmanship of ancient Buddhist art. For those interested in intangible cultural heritage, the city's vibrant folk art scene—featuring intricate paper cuttings and colorful perfumed pouches—provides a wonderful opportunity to take a piece of local tradition home.

Whether you are a history buff, a culture enthusiast, or simply a traveler seeking off-the-beaten-path adventures, Qingyang welcomes you with its warm hospitality and storied past. Come and discover the "Granary of Longdong" and immerse yourself in the authentic atmosphere of the Loess Plateau.

Understanding the local climate is essential for packing the right gear for your trip to the Loess Plateau. The weather in Qingyang is characterized by distinct seasonal changes, offering different experiences throughout the year. Generally, expect warm summers with occasional rain and cold, dry winters.

Winter, spanning from December to February, is the coldest time of the year. During January, the average temperature drops to -2.6°C, with lows reaching -7.8°C. This season is notably arid, with months like December often recording zero millimeters of precipitation and only a single wet day. In contrast, summer brings warmth and higher humidity. July is typically the warmest month, featuring average temperatures of 23.5°C and highs of 28.4°C. It is also the wettest period, with rain occurring on about 13 days during the month.

The transitional seasons of spring and autumn offer moderate and comfortable conditions for travel. May and September are particularly pleasant, with average temperatures hovering around 17°C. While spring sees a gradual increase in wet days, reaching up to eight in May, autumn remains relatively mild before the temperatures begin to drop significantly in November.

Beyond the main attractions, Qingyang holds many fascinating secrets that peel back the layers of its millennia-old history. From ancient medical wisdom to prehistoric giants, this city offers a treasure trove of unique discoveries for the curious traveler.

• The Cradle of Traditional Medicine: Legend has it that Qibo, the mythical minister of the Yellow Emperor, was born here. Their dialogues are said to have formed the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, the foundational text of Traditional Chinese Medicine, earning Qingyang the prestigious title of "Qihuang Hometown."

• A Prehistoric Giant's Home: The region is a paleontological hotspot where the famous "Yellow River Ancient Elephant" fossil was discovered. Additionally, it is the site where the very first Paleolithic stone artifact in China was unearthed, marking a pivotal moment in the archaeological understanding of early human activity in the country.

• The Roots of Agriculture: Often celebrated as the "Granary of Longdong," this area is where the ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty are believed to have first taught the art of farming. This deep connection to the land established the region as one of the earliest birthplaces of agricultural civilization on the Loess Plateau.

• Singing Shadows: Qingyang is renowned for "Daoqing" shadow puppetry, a distinct folk art that combines intricate leather puppets with Taoist-influenced music. Unlike other styles, this local variation is performed with a unique four-stringed instrument and has been recognized as a masterpiece of intangible cultural heritage.

• Ancient Aromas: The city is also famous for its fragrant sachet embroidery, a craft so ingrained in local culture that an 800-year-old sachet was excavated here. Today, these intricate, perfume-filled pouches are considered symbols of good luck and are celebrated annually during the Dragon Boat Festival.

Reaching this unique city on the Loess Plateau has become increasingly convenient thanks to modern infrastructure developments. Whether you prefer flying or taking the train, there are several viable options to suit your itinerary. You can read more about how to get to Qingyang and plan your specific route on our detailed transport page.

For travelers preferring air travel, the most direct point of entry is Qingyang Airport (IQN). Conveniently located just over 10 km from the city center, this airport primarily serves domestic routes, connecting the region with major Chinese hubs. A taxi ride from the airport to the downtown area is quick, typically taking about 20 minutes depending on traffic.

International travelers or those coming from further afield might find better connectivity through Xianyang International Airport (XIY) in Xi'an. Although it is situated approximately 173 km from Qingyang, it is a major aviation hub with extensive flight networks. From Xi'an, you can easily transfer to a high-speed train or a long-distance bus to complete your journey. Another regional alternative is Guyuan Liupanshan Airport (GYU) in the neighboring city of Guyuan, located roughly 135 km away.

For clarity, here is a summary of the main airports serving the region:

Traveling by train is also an excellent option, especially following the opening of the high-speed railway connecting Xi'an and Yinchuan. Qingyang Station serves as a key stop on this line, dramatically reducing travel times. Visitors can now reach the city from Xi'an in just over an hour, making it a comfortable and scenic journey across the Loess Plateau. If you are arriving from other parts of China, transferring through major railway hubs like Xi'an or Lanzhou is a common and efficient strategy.

Qingyang offers a compelling mix of historical depth and natural beauty, situated in the heart of the Loess Plateau. The city's attractions provide a unique window into the origins of Chinese civilization, ancient Buddhist artistry, and rich local folklore. While the area is known for its agricultural heritage, its tourism highlights are diverse and offer something for every type of traveler.

Zhou Ancestor Mausoleum Cultural Scenic Area is perhaps the most iconic landmark in the region. Located atop Qingliang Mountain, this site honors Bu Zhu, an early ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty who is credited with establishing the farming culture in the area. It is more than just a historical monument; it is a sprawling forest park that combines ancient architecture with lush natural scenery. Visitors can climb the mountain to explore majestic temples, pavilions, and statues while enjoying panoramic views of the surrounding plateau landscape. It is an excellent spot for those looking to combine a history lesson with a refreshing hike.

For art and history enthusiasts, the North Grotto Temple (Beishiku Temple) is an unmissable destination. Situated approximately 25 kilometers from the city center, this site dates back to the Northern Wei Dynasty in 509 AD. Carved directly into the yellow sandstone cliffs, the grottoes contain hundreds of caves and over two thousand stone statues. The craftsmanship displays the distinct style of the era, and the site serves as a quieter, more intimate counterpart to China's larger, more crowded grotto complexes. The intricate carvings provide a silent testament to the region's religious significance along the ancient Silk Road.

To fully appreciate the region's paleontological and cultural significance, a visit to the Qingyang Museum is highly recommended. The museum is famous for housing the fossil of the "Yellow River Ancient Elephant," a prehistoric giant that once roamed this land. Beyond natural history, the museum boasts an impressive collection of local folk art, including the celebrated Qingyang sachet embroidery, intricate paper cuttings, and shadow puppets. It is the perfect place to see the vibrant traditions of the "Longdong" region up close and understand the artistic soul of its people.

The local cuisine of Qingyang is a hearty reflection of its location on the Loess Plateau, blending the rustic flavors of Gansu with culinary influences from neighboring Shaanxi. Wheat is the staple crop here, and the locals have mastered the art of turning flour into an endless variety of delicious dishes. Visitors will find that the food is robust, savory, and often spiced to warm you up during the cool evenings.

One of the absolute must-try dishes is Buckwheat Hele Noodles. Qingyang is famous for its high-quality buckwheat, and these noodles are a local pride. Unlike hand-pulled varieties, Hele noodles are pressed through a sieve into a pot of boiling water, resulting in a firm, chewy texture. They are typically served in a rich, savory mutton broth or tossed with spicy oil, vinegar, and minced garlic, offering a nutty flavor that is unique to the region.

Meat lovers cannot leave without tasting the famous Qingyang Lamb. Known as "Longdong Lamb," the meat comes from sheep raised on the local herbs of the plateau, which is said to make the meat tender and free from strong gamey odors. It is often served simply boiled to highlight its natural flavor, or braised in a clay pot with spices. For a true local experience, try it in a steaming bowl of mutton soup, paired with a piece of crusty flatbread.

Another staple is Saozi Noodles, a dish that features long, thin hand-made noodles topped with a colorful and flavorful broth containing diced carrots, tofu, day lilies, and minced meat. The soup is characterized by a sour and spicy profile, making it an appetizing choice for any meal. On the streets, you might also encounter Rangpi, a cold noodle dish made from wheat flour jelly, dressed in chili oil and vinegar, perfect for a light lunch or snack.

When it comes to drinks, Buckwheat Tea is a popular non-alcoholic beverage that complements the local diet perfectly. It has a roasted, grain-like aroma and is believed to aid digestion after a heavy meal. For those looking to try something stronger, local grain spirits (Baijiu) are commonly enjoyed at dinner gatherings, reflecting the warm and hospitable nature of the people.

The food culture in Qingyang is unpretentious and community-focused. While there are standard restaurants, the most authentic flavors are often found in small, family-run noodle shops and bustling street markets. These places offer a glimpse into daily life, where locals gather to enjoy generous portions of steaming food in a lively atmosphere.

Visiting Qingyang offers a unique opportunity to explore the cradle of Chinese agricultural civilization and the stunning landscapes of the Loess Plateau. To ensure your journey through this historic region of Gansu province is as smooth and enjoyable as possible, here are some practical tips to help you prepare.

1. Clothing and Gear: The climate on the plateau varies significantly by season. If you are visiting in winter, bring heavy thermal layers, a down jacket, and gloves, as temperatures frequently drop below freezing. Summers are warm but can have strong UV radiation due to the altitude, so pack breathable fabrics, sunglasses, and high-SPF sunscreen. Regardless of the season, comfortable, sturdy walking shoes are essential for exploring sites like the North Grotto Temple and the hilly terrain of the Zhou Ancestor Mausoleum.

2. Transportation: Within the city, taxis are an affordable and convenient way to get around. Ride-hailing apps like DiDi are widely used and can be easier for non-Chinese speakers as you can input your destination in English. Public buses are available and very cheap (usually 1 or 2 RMB), but routes are displayed in Chinese. For travel to nearby cities or Xi'an, the high-speed train from Qingyang Station is the most efficient option.

3. Finances: The official currency is the Chinese Yuan (CNY/RMB). While cash is accepted, China has largely moved to digital payments. It is highly recommended to set up Alipay or WeChat Pay on your phone and link your international credit card before arrival, as even small street vendors prefer these methods. International credit cards are rarely accepted directly at local shops or restaurants, so keep some cash as a backup.

4. Health and Safety: Qingyang is generally very safe for tourists. However, the air on the Loess Plateau can be extremely dry, especially in winter and spring. Bring a good moisturizer, lip balm, and stay hydrated to avoid discomfort or nosebleeds. Pharmacies are marked with a green cross; while over-the-counter remedies are available, carrying a translation app is helpful to explain your symptoms to the pharmacist.

5. Communication: Mandarin is the primary language, though locals often speak a distinct dialect that can be hard to understand even for Mandarin speakers. English proficiency is limited outside of major hotels. It is crucial to download a translation app that works offline (like Baidu Translate or a configured Google Translate) and have the Chinese names of your hotel and destinations written down to show drivers.

6. Local Etiquette: People in Gansu are known for their hospitality and straightforwardness. When greeting someone, a nod or a handshake is appropriate. If you are invited to a meal or offered a drink, it is polite to accept; dining is a communal affair, and hosts often put food on guests' plates as a sign of welcome. When handing over money or a business card, use both hands to show respect.

7. What to Avoid: Avoid public displays of anger or frustration, as "saving face" is deeply ingrained in the culture; remaining calm will resolve issues much faster. Additionally, be mindful of photography; while landscapes are fair game, always ask for permission before taking close-up photos of locals, especially the elderly.

8. Shopping Tip: Do not leave without checking out the local handicrafts. Qingyang is famous for its "Xiangbao" (fragrant sachets), which are intricate, embroidered pouches filled with herbal mixtures. They make for lightweight, authentic souvenirs that carry a piece of the region's folk culture home with you.

With these tips in hand, you are well-equipped to navigate the local customs and environment of Qingyang. Embrace the rich history, taste the hearty noodles, and enjoy the warm hospitality that defines this fascinating corner of the Loess Plateau.

Nightlife in Qingyang is primarily centered in the bustling Xifeng District, where the city’s energy shifts from business to leisure as the sun sets. While it may not have the high-octane clubbing scene of China's coastal metropolises, the city offers a warm, community-focused atmosphere that allows visitors to experience the authentic lifestyle of the Loess Plateau. The evenings here are best spent exploring vibrant night markets, enjoying local street food, or relaxing in one of the many tea houses and KTV lounges that populate the city center.

The heartbeat of the local night scene is undoubtedly the Xifeng Night Market. Located in the downtown area, this sprawling market comes alive after dark with hundreds of stalls selling everything from clothing and trinkets to mouth-watering local delicacies. The atmosphere is chaotic but friendly, filled with the sounds of sizzling woks and chatter. It is the perfect place to try "Rangpi" (cold noodles) or grilled lamb skewers while mingling with locals. The dress code is casual, and the market typically stays open until around midnight, making it a great spot for a late-night snack.

For a more scenic evening experience, head to the Zhou Ancestor Mausoleum. While often visited during the day for its historical significance, the area offers a different charm at night. The elevated location on Qingliang Mountain provides a stunning panoramic view of Qingyang’s city lights spreading across the plateau. It is a popular spot for evening walks, where you can enjoy the cool night breeze and a quieter, more reflective atmosphere away from the noisy streets below.

If you are looking for indoor entertainment, the city center around Dongfanghong Plaza is home to numerous KTVs (karaoke clubs) and bars. These venues are where the younger crowd gathers to sing and socialize. Places like the Xifeng Department Store area also offer a mix of shopping and dining options that stay open late. Prices in Qingyang are generally very affordable compared to larger cities, with a night out costing significantly less than in Beijing or Shanghai.

Safety is rarely a concern in Qingyang, as the city is well-lit and secure for night walks, especially in the main commercial districts. Taxis are plentiful and can be easily hailed on the street or booked via ride-hailing apps, providing a convenient way to return to your hotel. During the day, before the nightlife begins, you can explore the city's rich heritage at the Qingyang Museum or take a trip to the magnificent North Grotto Temple to admire ancient Buddhist artistry.

To explore the parks and museums of Qingyang is to journey through the layers of time, from the prehistoric era of giant elephants to the birth of Chinese civilization and the revolutionary spirit of the 20th century. The city’s green spaces offer a refreshing contrast to the arid Loess Plateau, while its museums provide a deep dive into the region's rich cultural tapestry.

For a breath of fresh air and a sweeping view of the city, Zhouzu Mausoleum Forest Park is the premier destination. While it is famous for its historical significance, it also serves as a vital green lung for the area. Located atop Qingliang Mountain, the park features dense forests of cypress and pine trees that provide a cool retreat during the warm summer months. Hikers can enjoy the climb up the winding paths, which are lined with the "Huangdi Neijing Thousand Family Stele Forest"—a unique cultural landscape where traditional medical wisdom is carved into stone, blending nature with scholarship.

Further afield lies the magnificent Ziwuling National Forest Park, often described as the "Emerald Barrier" of the Loess Plateau. This vast natural area is a paradise for outdoor enthusiasts, offering a rare glimpse of lush, secondary forest cover in a region known for its yellow earth. It is not just a place for hiking and breathing in the oxygen-rich air; it is also home to the ancient Qin Straight Road. Walking along this grassy ridge, which was once a military "superhighway" built over 2,000 years ago, offers a hauntingly beautiful connection to the past amidst the wild scenery.

The Qingyang Museum is the city's cultural treasure chest, offering a comprehensive look at the region's diverse heritage. The museum is renowned for its Paleontological Fossil Hall, where the star exhibit is the remarkably complete fossil of the "Yellow River Ancient Elephant," standing as a testament to the area's prehistoric environment. Beyond natural history, the museum excels in showcasing local artistry. The Folk Custom Exhibition Hall is particularly engaging, displaying exquisite examples of Qingyang’s "Four Treasures": sachet embroidery, paper cutting, shadow puppetry, and folk songs. It is the best place to understand the intricate craftsmanship that has flourished here for centuries.

For those interested in modern history, the Nanliang Revolutionary Memorial Hall in Huachi County offers a poignant look at the region's role in 20th-century Chinese history. This well-curated site commemorates the establishment of the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Region Soviet Government. Through photographs, relics, and restored buildings, visitors can learn about the hardships and strategies of the revolutionary forces in this rugged terrain. The memorial is set within a scenic area that allows for a contemplative walk through history, making it a meaningful stop for those looking to understand the political evolution of Northwest China.

For a truly unique experience, consider hiking a segment of the Qin Straight Road in Ziwuling during the autumn. The contrast between the golden foliage and the ancient, compacted earth of the road creates a photographer's dream. Additionally, while at the Zhouzu Mausoleum Forest Park, take the time to visit the Qihuang Traditional Chinese Medicine Museum located within the grounds; it offers fascinating insights into the medicinal roots of the region that you won't find in typical guidebooks.

Navigating Qingyang is relatively straightforward, as the city’s public transport system is primarily built around a comprehensive and affordable bus network. Since there is no metro system currently in operation, buses serve as the main artery for moving between the bustling Xifeng District, residential areas, and key transport hubs like the railway station and the airport. The routes are well-planned, covering most major attractions and commercial centers, making it easy for visitors to get around without a car.

The bus fleet is modern and generally comfortable, with fares that are extremely budget-friendly. A typical ride costs a flat rate of 1 or 2 RMB, regardless of the distance traveled within the city limits. Buses usually operate from early morning, around 6:30 AM, until approximately 8:30 PM or 9:00 PM. It is important to check the specific schedule for your route, as service frequencies may decrease later in the evening compared to larger metropolises.

When it comes to payment, the system has largely gone digital. While you can still pay with cash, you must have the exact change ready as drivers do not carry coins. The most convenient way to pay is by using a QR code via major mobile apps like Alipay or WeChat Pay. To do this, you simply activate the "Transport Code" feature within the app and scan it at the reader upon boarding. Physical IC transport cards exist for locals, but for short-term visitors, mobile payments or cash are far more practical options.

For those seeking more comfort or traveling with luggage, taxis are a popular and inexpensive alternative. You can hail standard taxis on the street, which are metered and regulated. Alternatively, ride-hailing apps like DiDi are widely available and highly recommended for tourists. These apps allow you to input your destination in English (in some versions) or pin it on a map, overcoming potential language barriers with drivers. This is often the best way to reach the airport or the high-speed train station if you are on a tight schedule.

For short distances, shared bicycles are scattered throughout the city. These dockless bikes, which can be unlocked using the same mobile apps used for payments, offer a leisurely way to explore local neighborhoods or travel the "last mile" from a bus stop to your hotel. The terrain in the central city is relatively flat, making cycling a pleasant option during the milder spring and autumn months.

A crucial tip for international travelers is to have your destination written in local characters or saved on your phone. Most bus stop signs and route information are displayed only in the local language. Using a navigation app that works locally, such as Baidu Maps or Amap (Gaode Maps), is essential for planning your route, as they provide real-time bus tracking and accurate transfer information that global map services often lack.

Finding a place to stay in Qingyang is generally straightforward, with options that cater primarily to practical needs and comfort. The accommodation landscape is dominated by mid-range business hotels and reliable budget chains, which offer modern amenities suitable for most travelers. While the city does not typically feature ultra-luxury international resorts, the local high-end hotels provide excellent service and spacious rooms. For budget-conscious visitors, there are numerous clean and affordable guesthouses, though amenities may be more basic.

For the most convenient experience, visitors should look for accommodation in the Xifeng District, which serves as the commercial and administrative heart of the city. Staying in this central area places you within walking distance of shopping centers, local eateries, and the vibrant night markets. It also ensures easy access to transportation, including the bus network and taxis, making it a strategic base for day trips to outlying attractions like the Zhou Ancestor Mausoleum or the North Grotto Temple.

Prices in Qingyang are generally very affordable compared to major tourist hubs like Xi'an or Beijing, offering great value for money. A practical tip for international travelers is to verify whether your chosen hotel is authorized to accept foreign guests, as regulations can vary in smaller Chinese cities. It is highly recommended to book your room in advance through major online travel platforms, especially during Chinese national holidays, to ensure a smooth check-in process and secure the best rates.

For those looking to explore the surroundings, Qingyang serves as an excellent base for day trips to several interesting nearby locations:

Pingliang is the closest and perhaps most scenic option for a quick getaway. Located approximately 90 kilometers away, it is renowned for Mount Kongtong, one of the most sacred mountains in Taoism. The mountain offers a blend of natural beauty and cultural depth, featuring ancient temples perched on dramatic cliffs and lush forest scenery that changes with the seasons.

Heading north into the Ningxia region, Guyuan offers a fascinating journey into history and art. It is famous for the Xumi Mountain Grottoes, a spectacular collection of Buddhist statues carved into red sandstone cliffs that date back to the Northern Wei Dynasty. The area was historically a strategic military post on the Silk Road, making it a compelling destination for history enthusiasts.

For those willing to travel a bit further southeast, Xianyang presents a deep dive into China's imperial past. As the capital of the Qin Dynasty, it is home to numerous historical sites, including the Xianyang Museum and various imperial mausoleums. While it is often visited in conjunction with Xi'an, its distinct heritage and proximity to the Wei River make it a worthy destination in its own right.

These nearby destinations offer a glimpse into the diverse culture and landscapes of the region.

Shopping in Qingyang offers a delightful mix of modern convenience and deep-rooted cultural tradition. While the city may not boast the high-end luxury boutiques found in China's coastal metropolises, it excels in providing authentic local handicrafts and agricultural specialties. Visitors will find that the shopping experience here is less about international brands and more about discovering the unique folk arts of the Loess Plateau, making it a perfect destination for finding meaningful souvenirs that tell a story.

The primary commercial hub of the city is located in the Xifeng District. The streets surrounding the central square are lined with a variety of shops, ranging from clothing boutiques to electronics stores. This area is bustling with activity throughout the day and into the evening, serving as the go-to spot for both locals and tourists. Walking through these streets offers a glimpse into the everyday life of the city, where modern retail sits side-by-side with traditional vendors.

For a more concentrated shopping experience, the Xifeng Department Store is a well-known landmark in the city center. It offers a comprehensive selection of goods, including fashion, cosmetics, and household items. Several other modern shopping malls and commercial plazas have sprung up in the downtown area in recent years, providing comfortable, climate-controlled environments where you can browse for reliable domestic brands and enjoy a meal at the food courts on the upper levels.

To truly appreciate the local flavor, visiting a local market is essential. These bustling venues are the best places to find regional agricultural products. Qingyang is famously known as the "Granary of Longdong," and its markets are filled with high-quality dried goods. Look for golden day lilies (Huanghuacai), which are a local specialty used in soups and stir-fries, as well as premium buckwheat products and apricot kernels. These items are lightweight, non-perishable, and make for excellent gifts for foodies back home.

When it comes to souvenirs, Qingyang is a treasure trove of intangible cultural heritage. The city is renowned as the "Hometown of Sachet Embroidery." These fragrant sachets (Xiangbao) are not just decorative; they are intricate pieces of art filled with aromatic herbal mixtures, traditionally worn to ward off evil spirits and bring good luck. You can find them in endless shapes and sizes, from simple pouches to complex animal figures. Additionally, the region is famous for its exquisite paper cuttings and shadow puppets made from donkey hide, both of which display the incredible craftsmanship of local artisans.

Most shops in Qingyang typically open around 9:00 AM or 9:30 AM and remain open until 9:00 PM or later, especially in the summer months. Payment methods are heavily digitized, mirroring the rest of China. While some larger department stores may accept credit cards, the vast majority of vendors, including small market stalls, prefer or exclusively accept mobile payments via WeChat Pay or Alipay. It is highly recommended to have these apps set up on your phone. Cash is generally accepted, but having small change is advisable.

Travelers should note that Qingyang is not a typical destination for tax-free shopping. The tax refund schemes for tourists found in major international hubs like Beijing or Shanghai are generally not available here. Prices are already quite reasonable, so bargaining is the norm in markets and smaller independent shops, but fixed prices are expected in department stores and supermarkets.