Kitale

Nestled between the majestic Mount Elgon and the rolling Cherangany Hills, Kitale is a vibrant agricultural town in western Kenya. As the capital of Trans-Nzoia County, it serves as a bustling commercial hub with a population of over 60,000 residents, offering a delightful blend of rural charm and urban convenience. The town is renowned for its fertile soils and cool highland climate, often described as the country's "breadbasket" due to its extensive maize and sunflower farming.

The atmosphere here is refreshingly laid-back compared to larger cities, making it an inviting stop for travelers. Those interested in the past will find that the history of Kitale adds significant depth to their visit, tracing its evolution from a colonial agricultural center to a modern multicultural town. Today, it stands as a friendly community where visitors can experience authentic local culture amidst lush, green landscapes.

For nature enthusiasts and adventurers, the town serves as an excellent base for exploration. It is the primary gateway to Mount Elgon National Park, where visitors can hike through ancient lava tube caves and spot diverse wildlife. Within the town itself, the Kitale Museum (National Museum of Western Kenya) is a must-visit attraction, showcasing impressive ethnographic displays and a serene nature trail. Nearby, the Saiwa Swamp National Park offers a unique opportunity to see the rare semi-aquatic Sitatunga antelope in its natural habitat.

Whether you are planning a trek up the mountains or simply looking for a peaceful retreat in the highlands, Kitale offers a warm and welcoming experience. Its scenic beauty, combined with its proximity to some of the region's most spectacular natural wonders, makes it a destination well worth adding to your travel itinerary.

Due to its high elevation, Kitale enjoys a temperate and agreeable climate that stays relatively cool year-round. The temperatures are generally moderate, with average daily highs peaking at about 25.6°C in February and dipping slightly to around 20.6°C during the cooler month of July. Nights can be crisp, with minimum temperatures consistently hovering between 12°C and 14°C, making the evenings refreshing after a day of exploration.

The rainfall pattern is quite distinct, featuring a drier season from December through February when precipitation is minimal. In contrast, the period from April to October sees a significant increase in moisture, with July often recording up to 28 wet days. Travelers should expect mild conditions throughout the year, but it is wise to prepare for frequent showers if visiting mid-year. To help you decide what to pack, you can view more details about the weather in Kitale before your journey.

Beyond its reputation as a bustling agricultural hub, Kitale holds several fascinating secrets that often escape the average traveler's radar. From unique conservation efforts to eccentric historical collections, the town offers a quirky side waiting to be discovered.

• Saiwa Swamp National Park, located just nearby, holds the title of Kenya's smallest national park, covering only about 3 square kilometers. Unlike the vast savannahs found elsewhere in the country, this park is a unique "walking-only" zone where vehicles are prohibited, allowing visitors to track the rare semi-aquatic Sitatunga antelope on foot via wooden boardwalks.

• The Kitale Museum has a surprising origin story; it was established in 1924 by Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Stoneham primarily to house his massive private collection of insects and books. This distinction makes it the first domestic museum ever opened in the country, predating many of the larger national institutions in Nairobi.

• The Kitale Nature Conservancy offers a truly unconventional experience, featuring a "museum of oddities" that serves as a sanctuary for animals with rare genetic conditions. Alongside these biological curiosities, the park is dotted with eccentric sculptures and models depicting biblical mountains, created to educate visitors on both spirituality and conservation.

• Hidden within the town is the private Treasures of Africa Museum, founded by a former colonial official. The collection is dedicated to a distinct and fascinating theory suggesting that a universal agricultural culture existed worldwide during the Ice Age, a concept the founder illustrated using artifacts and traditions from the local Karamojong people.

Reaching this agricultural hub in western Kenya is a journey that often takes you through some of the country's most scenic landscapes. While the town itself is tucked away in the highlands, it is accessible via road connections from major regional transport hubs. For travelers planning their itinerary, you can find more about how to get to Kitale and the various transport options available for your trip.

The city of Kitale does not have its own major commercial airport for scheduled domestic flights, but you can fly into Eldoret Airport (EDL) in the city of Eldoret, which is the closest significant hub, situated about 73 km from Kitale. It is a convenient entry point, handling a moderate volume of travelers. From the airport, a taxi or shuttle transfer typically takes between 1.5 to 2 hours, depending on traffic conditions. Another viable alternative is Kisumu Airport (KIS) in the city of Kisumu. Although it is further away—approximately 126 km from Kitale—it is a busier airport with more frequent connections. The drive from Kisumu to Kitale generally takes around 2.5 to 3 hours, offering scenic views of the Lake Victoria basin and the surrounding hills along the way.

For clarity, here is a summary of the main airports in the wider region that can serve as gateways to Kitale:

Regarding rail travel, there are currently no passenger railway stations listed that provide direct service to Kitale. The railway network in this part of the country is primarily focused on cargo or terminates in other major cities. Most visitors arriving by land opt for the extensive network of buses and "matatus" (minibuses) that connect Kitale with Nairobi, Eldoret, and other towns. The road trip offers a chance to see the changing terrain of the Great Rift Valley, making the journey an integral part of the experience.

Kitale Museum (National Museum of Western Kenya) is often the first stop for visitors, conveniently located within the town itself. It is widely regarded as one of the best regional museums in the country, offering a comprehensive look at the area's natural and cultural heritage. Inside, you will find fascinating ethnographic displays highlighting the traditions of the Luhya, Kalenjin, and Maasai peoples. The outdoor section is equally engaging, featuring a snake park, a tortoise pen, and a serene nature trail that winds through a patch of indigenous rainforest. Visitors can also explore life-size replicas of traditional homesteads, making it an educational experience for all ages.

For a truly unique wildlife encounter, Saiwa Swamp National Park is a must-visit destination located just a short drive from the town. This is the smallest national park in Kenya and is distinct because it is designed strictly for walking. A network of wooden boardwalks and trails allows you to traverse the wetlands on foot, providing a rare opportunity to spot the elusive, semi-aquatic Sitatunga antelope. The park is also a haven for birdwatchers and is home to the distinctive De Brazza’s monkeys, offering a peaceful and immersive nature experience without the need for a safari vehicle.

Adventure seekers should not miss Mount Elgon National Park, a rugged and spectacular landscape on the border with Uganda. While the mountain offers excellent hiking and climbing opportunities, its most famous feature is the network of ancient lava tube caves, particularly Kitum Cave. These caves are world-renowned for the "salt-mining elephants" that venture deep into the dark caverns to lick the mineral-rich rocks. The park’s diverse terrain includes waterfalls, cliffs, and dense forests, making it a perfect spot for trekking and spotting wildlife like buffaloes, leopards, and colobus monkeys.

Treasures of Africa Museum offers a more personal and historical perspective on the region. This private collection, curated by the late John Wilson, a former colonial official, is housed in his old residence. It contains a vast array of artifacts that reflect the history and anthropology of the local tribes, particularly the Karamojong. The museum is known for its eclectic nature and the deep passion of its founder, providing a deep dive into the cultural narratives that have shaped this part of the continent.

Finally, the Kitale Nature Conservancy provides an unconventional but memorable outing. This site functions as a sanctuary for animals with genetic abnormalities or injuries, offering a home to creatures that might struggle in the wild. Beyond its conservation work, the park is famous for its collection of eccentric religious sculptures and models of biblical mountains. It is a quirky destination that combines environmental education with a unique artistic vision, offering a side of Kitale that is both strange and heartwarming.

As the agricultural heart of the region and the capital of Trans-Nzoia County, Kitale offers a culinary experience defined by freshness and simplicity. Known as Kenya's "breadbasket," the area produces a significant portion of the nation's maize and dairy, meaning the food here is often farm-to-table in the truest sense. Travelers can expect hearty, wholesome meals that rely heavily on locally grown produce, providing a comforting taste of the fertile highlands.

The staple dish you will encounter everywhere is Ugali, a dense maize meal porridge that serves as the foundation of most local meals. In Kitale, it is typically accompanied by Sukuma Wiki (collard greens) sautéed with onions and tomatoes, or a rich beef or chicken stew. For a more celebratory meal, look for Nyama Choma, which is goat or beef roasted over an open charcoal grill. It is often enjoyed socially, eaten by hand, and served with a side of kachumbari, a fresh tomato and onion salsa that cuts through the richness of the meat.

One of the most distinct cultural experiences in this region is trying Mursik, a traditional fermented milk delicacy cherished by the local Kalenjin community. Prepared in a gourd lined with the soot of specific trees, it has a unique smoky flavor and charcoal flecks, distinguishing it from regular yoghurt or sour milk. If that sounds too adventurous, the cool climate of Kitale makes it the perfect place to enjoy a hot cup of Chai. This tea is typically brewed with plenty of milk, sugar, and tea leaves, often spiced with ginger to warm you up during the crisp evenings.

The food culture in Kitale is unpretentious and revolves around casual dining spots often referred to locally as "hotels," which are actually modest restaurants serving affordable, home-style dishes. The town is also vibrant with street food; you will frequently see vendors roasting fresh maize (Mahindi Choma) on roadside grills, a popular snack that highlights the area's main crop. For those who love fresh fruit, the local markets are overflowing with sweet bananas, avocados, and pineapples, offering a healthy and delicious way to sample the region's bounty.

Visiting Kitale offers a refreshing escape into Kenya's lush highlands, but ensuring a smooth trip requires a bit of local know-how. These practical tips will help you navigate the town's unique rhythm and make the most of your stay in Trans-Nzoia County.

1. Clothing and Gear: Due to the high altitude, Kitale is cooler than many other parts of the country. Pack warm layers, such as a fleece or light jacket, for the crisp mornings and evenings. Since the region experiences significant rainfall, especially between April and October, a reliable raincoat or umbrella is essential. If you plan to visit Mount Elgon or Saiwa Swamp, bring sturdy, comfortable walking shoes or hiking boots.
2. Transportation: The most common and convenient way to get around town is by boda-boda (motorcycle taxi). They are affordable and agile, but always insist on a helmet and agree on the fare before hopping on. For longer distances or travel to neighboring towns, matatus (minibuses) are the standard mode of public transport. Taxis are available but typically do not use meters, so negotiation is key; ride-hailing apps are not as widely reliable here as in Nairobi.
3. Finances: The local currency is the Kenyan Shilling (KES). While major hotels and supermarkets in the town center may accept credit cards, cash is king for most transactions, including local eateries and markets. ATMs are readily available in the town center. It is highly recommended to register for M-Pesa, a mobile money service that is ubiquitous in the region and often preferred over cash for its convenience and safety.
4. Health and Safety: Although the higher elevation reduces the risk slightly, malaria is still a concern, so carrying insect repellent and sleeping under a treated net is advisable. Stick to drinking bottled or treated water and avoid tap water. Pharmacies (often called "Chemists") are common in the town center for basic medical supplies. Kitale is generally safe, but like any town, keep your valuables secure and avoid walking in unlit areas at night.
5. Communication: English is an official language and is widely spoken, making communication easy for most tourists. Swahili is the national language; learning a few phrases like "Jambo" (Hello) and "Asante" (Thank you) will be warmly received by locals. Mobile coverage is excellent; you can easily buy a SIM card from providers like Safaricom or Airtel upon arrival with your passport.
6. Local Etiquette: Kenyans are generally polite and conservative. Greetings are an important social ritual; it is customary to shake hands and ask "How are you?" before starting a business interaction or asking for directions. When visiting rural areas or traditional homesteads, dress modestly to show respect for local customs.
7. What to Avoid: Do not take photographs of government buildings, police stations, or military personnel, as this is prohibited. Additionally, avoid taking photos of locals without asking for their permission first, as this can be considered intrusive and rude.
8. Market Day Tip: As the "breadbasket" of the country, Kitale has fantastic fresh produce. If you are self-catering or just want a healthy snack, visit the main market to buy avocados, bananas, and pineapples. They are incredibly fresh, organic, and much cheaper than in the capital.

By keeping these simple tips in mind, you will find Kitale to be a welcoming and hassle-free destination. Embrace the slower pace of the highlands, enjoy the fresh air, and get ready for an authentic Kenyan adventure.

While Kitale is primarily known as a tranquil agricultural hub during the day, the town wakes up with a modest but lively energy once the sun sets. The nightlife here is distinctively relaxed and unpretentious, reflecting the friendly nature of the local community. You won't find the overwhelming chaos of a big metropolis; instead, the evening scene revolves around socializing in cozy hotel lounges, vibrant local pubs, and a few energetic dance spots that come alive, particularly on weekends.

The heart of the action is concentrated within the town center and along the main roads leading out to Eldoret. For visitors seeking a sophisticated evening, the Skynest County Hotel is a top choice. As one of the premier establishments in the town, it features a high-quality restaurant and a well-stocked bar, making it an ideal spot for a relaxed dinner followed by drinks in a polished, comfortable setting. If you are looking to mingle with a more energetic crowd, Club Touch On is a verified local favorite where the atmosphere is upbeat, often featuring a mix of Kenyan pop and international hits.

For a taste of history with your drink, the Kitale Club offers a unique atmosphere. As one of the oldest members' clubs in the region, it retains a colonial-era charm with its spacious grounds and classic bar. It is an excellent venue for a quiet conversation and a cold drink in a safe, enclosed environment. Another notable mention is the Aturukan Hotel, which often hosts live bands and entertainment, bridging the gap between a family-friendly restaurant and a lively nightspot.

The atmosphere in Kitale's night venues is generally casual. There is rarely a strict dress code, though "smart casual" is appreciated in hotel bars. Prices are very reasonable compared to Nairobi; a local beer typically costs between 200 and 300 KES, while cocktails in upscale hotels might range from 500 to 800 KES. The best time to experience the nightlife is on Friday and Saturday nights, as weekdays can be quite quiet.

Regarding safety and transport, it is advisable to use taxis rather than walking, especially late at night. While the town is generally safe, street lighting can be inconsistent away from the main strip. Motorcycle taxis (boda-bodas) are abundant and cheap, but for night travel, a private taxi or a cab arranged by your hotel is the safer and more comfortable option.

When the sun is up, entertainment shifts towards nature and culture. Apart from the famous national parks nearby, the town offers daytime diversions like the Kitale Museum, which serves as a cultural anchor with its ethnographic exhibits and nature trails. While Kitale lacks large amusement parks or grand theaters, the local markets and the museum grounds provide plenty of engagement for a relaxed afternoon before the evening festivities begin.

Kitale may be known as an agricultural powerhouse, but for the curious traveler, it offers a surprising wealth of green spaces and cultural institutions. The town seamlessly blends its colonial history with rich local traditions and accessible natural wonders, making it a rewarding destination for those who enjoy exploring parks and heritage sites.

Saiwa Swamp National Park is undoubtedly the jewel of the region's natural attractions. Located just a short distance from the town, it offers a distinct experience as a "walking-only" park. Instead of a game drive, visitors wander through lush wetlands on well-maintained wooden boardwalks. It is a serene environment teeming with exotic birds, De Brazza's monkeys, and the rare Sitatunga antelope. For a more rugged adventure, Mount Elgon National Park lies nearby, offering vast landscapes of bamboo forests and moorlands. While famous for its "salt-mining" elephants in the caves, the park also serves as a fantastic hiking destination with breathtaking views from the slopes of the extinct volcano.

In terms of culture, the Kitale Museum (National Museum of Western Kenya) is the town's premier institution. It is much more than a building full of artifacts; the grounds include a tranquil nature trail and a traditional homestead exhibit that brings the customs of the Luhya, Maasai, and Kalenjin people to life. Inside, the galleries display an extensive collection of ethnographic items and natural history specimens, reflecting the diverse heritage of western Kenya. Another fascinating venue is the Treasures of Africa Museum, a private institution that houses a deep and personal collection of artifacts, particularly focusing on the Karamojong people and the region's historical narratives.

Architecturally, Kitale retains visible traces of its era as a colonial administrative center. A walk through the town center reveals several buildings from the early 20th century, characterized by their sturdy stone construction and corrugated iron roofs. The Kitale Club is a prime example of this period's style, preserving the atmosphere of a bygone era with its classic layout and sprawling grounds. The old railway station, though no longer a passenger hub, also stands as a testament to the town's historical importance in the railway network that opened up the interior.

For an authentic local experience, do not miss the Kitale Nature Conservancy. It is an eccentric mix of a botanical garden and a sanctuary for animals with special needs, dotted with unique sculptures. An insider tip for a quick escape: if you don't have time for a full national park visit, the nature trail within the Kitale Museum grounds offers a surprisingly dense and peaceful patch of indigenous forest right in the heart of town, perfect for a 30-minute recharge.

Public transport in Kitale is primarily road-based, informal, and highly practical for the size of the town. Unlike major global metropolises, there is no metro, tram, or light rail system here. Instead, the town relies on a network of minibuses and motorcycles that provide comprehensive coverage across the urban area and into the surrounding rural highlands. For a visitor, the system is relatively easy to use once you understand the local dynamics, offering an authentic way to experience the daily rhythm of the region.

The backbone of local transit is the matatu, a minibus (typically a 14-seater van) that operates on set routes. These vehicles connect the town center with residential estates and neighboring markets. Matatus do not have numbered lines in the European sense; instead, they are usually marked with a yellow stripe and have their destination painted on the side or displayed in the windshield. They congregate at designated "stages" (bus terminals) in the town center, departing only when full. They are the most affordable way to travel, though they can be crowded and loud, often playing vibrant local music.

For shorter distances or "last-mile" connectivity, boda-bodas (motorcycle taxis) are the undisputed kings of the road. You will see them parked at almost every street corner. They are incredibly convenient for navigating through traffic or reaching areas where matatus do not go, such as specific hotels or private homes off the main roads. While they are fast and agile, they are an open-air mode of transport, so they are best avoided during heavy rain unless the rider has an umbrella or rain cover for passengers.

Regarding payment, the system is almost entirely cash-based, operating with the Kenyan Shilling (KES). There are no travel cards, electronic passes, or validation machines. You simply pay the conductor (in a matatu) or the rider (on a boda-boda) directly. Fares are generally low; a local matatu ride within the town might cost between 30 and 50 KES, while boda-boda rides start from around 50 KES for short trips. It is crucial to carry small denominations (coins and 50 or 100 shilling notes), as finding change for large bills can be difficult. Mobile money, specifically M-Pesa, is also widely accepted by boda-boda riders and some matatu crews, offering a convenient digital alternative to cash.

When using boda-bodas or private taxis, the most important rule is to negotiate the fare beforehand. Taxis in Kitale generally do not use meters. You can find conventional taxis parked near major hotels, supermarkets, or the main bus station. Unlike in the capital, ride-hailing apps are not the standard here, so it is often better to ask your hotel reception to recommend a reliable driver and keep their phone number for the duration of your stay.

The town center itself is compact and walkable, making walking a viable and pleasant option for getting between shops, markets, and restaurants during the day. However, for travel after dark, public transport options dwindle. Matatus operate from early morning (around 6:00 AM) until roughly 9:00 PM or 10:00 PM, but frequency drops significantly after sunset. For late-night travel, arranging a trusted private taxi in advance is highly recommended to ensure safety and convenience.

Accommodation in Kitale primarily caters to business travelers, transit passengers, and tourists heading to the nearby national parks. The town offers a practical selection of places to stay, ranging from affordable guesthouses and backpacker-friendly lodgings to comfortable mid-range hotels. While you will not find ultra-luxury international resort chains here, the local hospitality is warm and inviting, often characterized by clean, functional rooms and a relaxed atmosphere that reflects the pace of life in Trans-Nzoia County.

When choosing where to stay, location is a key factor. The town center is the most convenient area for those relying on public transport, as it places you within walking distance of the main bus stages, supermarkets, and banks. It is bustling and lively, perfect for travelers who want to be in the thick of things. For a quieter experience, the Milimani area and the outskirts of town are popular choices. These neighborhoods are leafier and more serene, often featuring hotels with spacious gardens that take full advantage of the region's lush, green landscape.

There are several well-known establishments that frequently host visitors. The Skynest County Hotel is a modern landmark in the heart of the town, favored for its central location and rooftop views, making it a solid choice for those seeking contemporary amenities. Another prominent option is the Aturukan Hotel, which offers extensive facilities including a swimming pool and conference rooms, providing a more resort-like feel on the edge of town. For travelers interested in a touch of history, the Kitale Club provides a unique stay with its colonial-era architecture, golf course, and old-world charm.

Booking Tip: While accommodation is generally available year-round, the town can get surprisingly busy during the annual Kitale Show, a major agricultural trade fair, and during the December holiday season. If your trip coincides with these events, it is highly recommended to book your room several weeks in advance to secure your preferred spot.

In terms of cost, Kitale is a budget-friendly destination. Basic rooms can often be found for very affordable rates, while mid-range hotels typically offer excellent value for money, with prices remaining modest compared to Nairobi or the coast. As for booking, the larger hotels are listed on major online travel platforms and accept credit cards. However, many smaller guesthouses and budget lodgings still operate primarily on cash and may require a direct phone call or a walk-in inquiry to secure a reservation.

For those looking to explore the surroundings, Kitale serves as an excellent base for day trips to several interesting nearby locations:

Eldoret is the closest major urban center, located just over an hour's drive away. Known globally as the "City of Champions," it is the heart of Kenya's athletics community, where many world-renowned long-distance runners live and train. Visitors can explore the vibrant town center, visit the cheese factory, or simply enjoy the high-altitude atmosphere that breeds sporting legends.

Further afield lies the lakeside city of Kisumu, situated on the shores of Lake Victoria. Although it requires a longer drive, it offers a completely different vibe with its humid climate and stunning water views. Key attractions include the Kisumu Impala Sanctuary, the Kisumu Museum, and the chance to enjoy fresh tilapia at Dunga Beach while watching the sunset over Africa's largest lake.

For travelers interested in cultural heritage and rocky landscapes, Vihiga offers a scenic escape. The area is famous for the Maragoli Hills, which provide panoramic views of the Western region and are the site of the annual Maragoli Cultural Festival. It is a great spot for those looking to experience the rural charm and traditions of the Luhya community.

These nearby destinations offer a glimpse into the diverse culture and landscapes of the region, ranging from high-altitude plateaus to the shores of the great lake.

Shopping in Kitale offers a distinct experience that mirrors its identity as an agricultural powerhouse rather than a metropolis of high-end fashion. The retail scene here is a vibrant mix of modern convenience and traditional commerce. Visitors will not find sprawling luxury complexes, but they will discover a bustle of activity centered around fresh produce, essential goods, and local craftsmanship. The town is particularly famous for its abundance of fresh fruits and vegetables, often sold at prices far lower than in the capital, making it a paradise for those who appreciate farm-fresh quality.

The primary shopping district is concentrated in the town center, particularly along the main streets that crisscross the central business district. This area is compact and walkable, teeming with small shops, pharmacies, hardware stores, and clothing boutiques. The streets are lively and can be crowded, especially near the main bus stage, where vendors sell everything from electronics to secondhand clothes. It is a functional and energetic environment where locals conduct their daily business, offering tourists a genuine glimpse into the commercial rhythm of western Kenya.

While Kitale does not host mega-malls in the international sense, it features several large shopping centers and supermarkets that serve as modern retail anchors. Khetia’s Supermarkets are the dominant retail force in the region, with large branches like the Khetia's Gigamart offering a comprehensive "one-stop-shop" experience. Here, you can find groceries, household items, bakeries, and even furniture. Additionally, several commercial plazas in the town center house banks, cafes, and smaller specialty shops, providing a more relaxed environment away from the street-level hustle.

The true heart of shopping in Kitale lies in its markets. The main municipal market is a sensory explosion of colors and smells, showcasing why this region is known as the country's "breadbasket." It is the best place to buy locally grown avocados, bananas, pineapples, and potatoes. The freshness is unrivaled, and the prices are negotiable. Apart from food, there are sections dedicated to second-hand clothing (mitumba), where patient shoppers can often find high-quality garments at bargain prices.

For those looking to take a piece of Kitale home, souvenirs are best found in smaller curio shops or from street vendors near the major hotels and the museum. Traditional items include colorful Maasai shukas (blankets), hand-woven kiondo baskets, and soapstone carvings. You can also find beautiful Kitenge and Leso fabrics sold in textile shops within the town center, which make for excellent gifts or can be tailored into custom clothing by local fundis (tailors).

Most shops and supermarkets operate from around 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM, though major supermarkets often stay open until 8:00 PM or later. Sunday hours may be reduced. regarding payment, Cash (Kenyan Shilling) is the most widely accepted method, especially in markets and smaller kiosks. However, the mobile money service M-Pesa is ubiquitous and accepted almost everywhere, from large stores to vegetable vendors. Credit cards are generally accepted at major supermarkets and hotels but are less useful in informal settings.

Tax-free shopping or VAT refund schemes are generally not available for tourists in Kitale's local shops and markets. The tax refund system in the country is primarily designed for export goods or specific purchases made at designated duty-free zones in international airports, so visitors should not expect to claim taxes back on their daily purchases in the town.