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Parkersburg

About

Parkersburg is a captivating river city situated at the confluence of the Ohio and Little Kanawha Rivers. Known for its rich heritage and Victorian architecture, this city in West Virginia offers a unique blend of small-town hospitality and significant cultural landmarks. As a prominent destination in the United States, Parkersburg invites travelers to explore its scenic waterfronts and vibrant community atmosphere.

With a population of approximately 68,000 residents, the city serves as a regional center for commerce and industry while maintaining a relaxed pace of life. The local geography is defined by its river valleys and rolling hills, creating a picturesque backdrop for outdoor activities. Visitors interested in the past will find the history of Parkersburg deeply intriguing, particularly its connection to the early expansion of the nation and the booming oil and gas industry of the 19th century.

Parkersburg. Source: Kupi.Binoculars

One of the city's most famous attractions is Blennerhassett Island Historical State Park, accessible by a nostalgic sternwheeler boat ride, where guests can tour a magnificent reconstructed Palladian mansion. For architecture enthusiasts, the Julia-Ann Square Historic District features a stunning collection of meticulously preserved homes that showcase the city's prosperous past. Additionally, the Oil & Gas Museum provides an informative look at the industrial roots that helped shape the entire region.

Whether you are strolling through its historic streets or enjoying a sunset by the river, Parkersburg offers a memorable experience for every traveler. It is a perfect stop for those seeking to uncover the hidden gems of the Mid-Ohio Valley and enjoy a truly authentic American getaway.

Weather Overview

The climate in Parkersburg is characterized by four distinct seasons, offering a variety of atmospheric conditions for travelers throughout the year. Summers are generally warm and inviting, with July being the hottest month, featuring average temperatures of 24.8°C and highs reaching nearly 30°C. This period is ideal for exploring the riverfront, though visitors should be mindful that rain is frequent, with July seeing about 15 wet days.

In contrast, the winter months bring a noticeable chill to the Mid-Ohio Valley. January is typically the coldest time of year, with average temperatures hovering around 1.3°C and lows dipping to -2.4°C. The transition seasons of spring and autumn provide milder weather, although May is notable for being the wettest month with approximately 17 days of precipitation. For those planning a trip, checking the current weather in Parkersburg is recommended to ensure you pack appropriately.

Overall, visitors can expect warm summers with occasional rain and cold winters with consistent precipitation patterns.

Interesting Facts

Beyond its scenic river views and Victorian charm, Parkersburg holds fascinating secrets that have played a pivotal role in American history. From alleged conspiracies to groundbreaking educational milestones, this city’s past is filled with surprising stories that few visitors know.
  • A Headquarters for Treason: The serene Blennerhassett Island was once the center of a national scandal in the early 1800s. It served as the base of operations for former Vice President Aaron Burr, who allegedly conspired with Harman Blennerhassett to create a new independent empire in the Southwest, leading to one of the most famous treason trials in the United States.

  • A Cold War Safe Haven: In 1954, the U.S. government moved the Bureau of the Public Debt to Parkersburg to protect the nation's vital financial records from potential nuclear attacks on Washington, D.C. Today, the city remains a critical hub for processing government securities and savings bonds.

  • Pioneering Education: The city is home to the historic Sumner School, established in 1862. It is widely recognized as the first free school for African American children created south of the Mason-Dixon Line, opening its doors even before West Virginia officially became a state.

  • An Early Oil Capital: Long before the Texas oil boom, Parkersburg was a major refining center. The nearby Volcano oil field was the site of a unique technological invention called the "endless wire" system, which allowed a single engine to pump dozens of wells simultaneously, revolutionizing the industry in the 19th century.

How to Get There

Planning a trip to the Mid-Ohio Valley involves choosing the right entry point, as the city is served by several regional and international aviation hubs located in neighboring cities. While there is no major commercial airport directly within the city limits, travelers can easily fly into nearby destinations and complete their journey via a scenic drive. For a complete overview of travel options, you can read more about how to get to Parkersburg and plan your route accordingly.

One of the closest options is Yeager Airport (IATA: CRW), located in the city of Charleston, approximately 99 km south of Parkersburg. It is a convenient choice for many visitors, offering a manageable transfer time. The journey by taxi or shuttle generally takes around 60 to 75 minutes, allowing you to enjoy the West Virginia landscape along the way. Although it is a regional hub, it handles a significant volume of passengers annually, ensuring reliable connections.

For those seeking more extensive international connections, John Glenn Columbus International Airport (IATA: CMH) in Gahanna is a major gateway. Situated about 140 km from Parkersburg, this large airport offers a wider range of flights. The transfer from Gahanna to Parkersburg typically takes about 90 to 100 minutes by road transport. Another alternative is Benedum Airport (IATA: CKB) in Clarksburg, located roughly 115 km away, with a travel time of approximately 70 to 80 minutes.

For clarity, here is a summary of the main airports serving the region:

Airport Name City Passenger Traffic Km from City
John Glenn Columbus International Airport Gahanna High 139.8
Rickenbacker International Airport Canal Winchester Medium 133.2
Yeager Airport Charleston Medium 99.0
Tri-State/Milton Airport Huntington Low 132.0
Benedum Airport Clarksburg Low 114.7

Beyond air travel, Parkersburg is well-connected by the U.S. highway system. Interstate 77 runs directly through the area, providing easy access for those driving from the north or south, while U.S. Route 50 offers a direct east-west link. Many visitors choose to rent a car at their arrival airport to explore the surrounding valley at their own pace.

Main Attractions

Parkersburg offers a delightful array of attractions that blend historical intrigue with natural beauty. From river adventures to architectural marvels, the city provides engaging experiences for visitors of all ages. Whether you are a history buff or simply looking for scenic views, these highlights are essential stops on your itinerary.

Undoubtedly the crown jewel of the city is Blennerhassett Island Historical State Park. Accessible only by a sternwheeler riverboat, the journey to the island is an adventure in itself. Once there, visitors can explore the magnificent reconstructed Palladian mansion, which offers a glimpse into the lavish lifestyle of the aristocracy in the early 19th century. The park also features horse-drawn wagon rides and calm walking trails, making it a perfect spot for a family day out amidst the waters of the Ohio River.

For the best panoramic vistas in the region, a visit to Fort Boreman Park is a must. Located on a hilltop overlooking the confluence of the Ohio and Little Kanawha Rivers, this site was once a Civil War fortification built to protect the B&O Railroad. Today, it serves as a scenic park where tourists can enjoy breathtaking sunsets, learn about local military history through interpretive signage, and capture stunning photographs of the city below.

Architecture enthusiasts will find a treasure trove in the Julia-Ann Square Historic District. This neighborhood is one of the oldest and largest historic districts in West Virginia, boasting a splendid collection of Victorian, Second Empire, and Queen Anne style homes. A leisurely walk through these tree-lined streets transports visitors back to the late 1800s, with many properties featuring intricate detailing and manicured gardens that showcase the city’s past prosperity.

Culture seekers should not miss the Smoot Theatre, a beautifully restored vaudeville house that dates back to 1926. Originally built for movies and live shows, the theatre has been preserved as a center for the performing arts. It hosts a variety of events ranging from concerts and plays to comedy shows, offering a vibrant evening entertainment option within an atmospheric setting that celebrates the golden age of entertainment.

Finally, to deepen your understanding of the area's heritage, the Blennerhassett Museum of Regional History in downtown Parkersburg is an excellent stop. Spanning three floors, the museum houses a vast collection of artifacts ranging from prehistoric tools to items from the oil and gas boom. It serves as the mainland welcome center for the island and provides a comprehensive context for the rich history you will encounter throughout the city.

Local Cuisine

The culinary landscape of Parkersburg reflects the hearty and welcoming spirit of West Virginia, offering a delightful mix of Appalachian comfort food and classic American flavors. Visitors will find a food scene that is unpretentious yet deeply satisfying, characterized by generous portions, locally sourced ingredients, and recipes that have been passed down through generations. Whether you are looking for a quick bite or a sit-down meal in a historic setting, the city's eateries provide a genuine taste of the region.

No visit to this part of the country is complete without trying the iconic pepperoni roll. Originally created as a convenient lunch for coal miners, this simple yet delicious snack consists of a soft white yeast roll with pepperoni baked inside, allowing the fats to melt into the bread. It is found in bakeries and convenience stores throughout the city and is considered the unofficial state food. Another local staple is the West Virginia hot dog, which is distinctly dressed with chili sauce, mustard, onions, and a heaping mound of creamy coleslaw.

For those seeking a taste of local history with their meal, the North End Tavern & Brewery is a legendary stop. Often referred to by locals as "The NET," it is known for its signature burger and for being one of the oldest operating breweries in the state. Here, you can sample distinct local craft beers, such as their famous amber ale, which pairs perfectly with the tavern's rustic atmosphere. The city also boasts a variety of charming diners and family-owned restaurants where "home-cooked" is the standard.

The dining culture in Parkersburg is relaxed and community-focused. Many of the best places to eat are located in the historic downtown area or near the riverfront, allowing tourists to enjoy scenic views while they dine. From upscale meals at the historic Blennerhassett Hotel to casual street food at local fairs and markets, the city offers a warm gastronomic welcome to every traveler.

Travel Tips

Welcome to Parkersburg, the historic heart of the Mid-Ohio Valley! To help you make the most of your visit to this charming river city, we have compiled a set of essential tips that will ensure your journey is as smooth and enjoyable as possible.

  1. Clothing and Gear: Parkersburg experiences four distinct seasons, so packing depends heavily on when you visit. For summer trips, bring lightweight, breathable clothing to handle the heat and humidity, along with a raincoat or umbrella for occasional showers. Winters can be quite cold, requiring heavy coats, gloves, and warm layers. Regardless of the season, pack comfortable walking shoes, as the best way to explore Blennerhassett Island and the Julia-Ann Square Historic District is on foot.
  2. Transportation: While the city operates the "Easy Rider" bus system (Mid-Ohio Valley Transit Authority), routes and hours can be limited, especially on weekends and evenings. For the most flexibility, renting a car is highly recommended. Ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft are available but may have longer wait times than in major metropolitan areas. Having your own vehicle allows you to easily explore the surrounding scenic valley at your own pace.
  3. Finances: The local currency is the United States Dollar (USD). Credit and debit cards are widely accepted at hotels, restaurants, and museums. However, it is wise to carry some cash for small purchases at local festivals, farmers' markets, or smaller independent shops. ATMs are plentiful throughout the city. Tipping is standard practice in the U.S.; expect to leave 15-20% for waitstaff in restaurants and taxi drivers.
  4. Health and Safety: Parkersburg is generally a safe and welcoming destination for tourists. Standard precautions, such as locking your car and keeping valuables out of sight, are sufficient. For medical needs, the WVU Medicine Camden Clark Medical Center is the primary hospital in the area. Pharmacies like CVS and Walgreens are easy to find, with some locations offering extended or 24-hour service for minor health necessities.
  5. Communication: English is the primary language spoken, and locals are known for being friendly and helpful. You will likely hear a mild Appalachian accent, but standard American English is understood everywhere. Free Wi-Fi is standard in most hotels, coffee shops, and public buildings. If you are visiting from abroad, a standard U.S. SIM card or roaming plan will work perfectly here.
  6. Local Etiquette: The atmosphere in Parkersburg is relaxed and polite. It is common to exchange greetings like "good morning" or a friendly nod with strangers on the street. Politeness is valued, so holding doors open for others and saying "please" and "thank you" goes a long way. When visiting historic homes or museums, always ask permission before taking photographs of interiors or private displays.
  7. What to Avoid: Avoid assuming that Blennerhassett Island is accessible year-round. The island and the sternwheeler boat ride operate seasonally, typically from May through October. Always check the official schedule before planning your trip to avoid disappointment. Additionally, avoid trespassing on private property in the historic districts; while the homes are beautiful to look at, many are private residences.
  8. Seasonal Insight: If you are visiting in late summer, try to align your trip with the Parkersburg Homecoming Festival. It is a beloved local tradition featuring fireworks, music, and food, offering a fantastic opportunity to mingle with residents and experience the city's community spirit firsthand.

Armed with these practical tips, you are ready to navigate Parkersburg with confidence and ease. Embrace the local hospitality, enjoy the river views, and have a wonderful time discovering all the unique stories this West Virginian gem has to offer!

Entertainment & Nightlife

Nightlife in Parkersburg reflects the city's friendly and laid-back character. Rather than large, thumping dance clubs, the evening scene is defined by cozy pubs, sports bars, and local breweries where the atmosphere is welcoming and the drinks are reasonably priced. The primary hubs for evening entertainment are located in the Downtown district, particularly along Market Street, and the North End area, which offers some of the city's most long-standing establishments.

For a taste of the local social scene, Parkersburg Brewing Company in the downtown area is a popular choice. It offers a modern yet rustic setting where visitors can enjoy craft beers brewed on-site and often catch live music performances on weekends. Another legendary spot is the North End Tavern & Brewery, affectionately known as "The NET." As one of the oldest breweries in the state, it provides a quintessential West Virginian experience with a relaxed vibe, perfect for unwinding after a day of sightseeing.

The dress code in most venues is casual; jeans and a comfortable shirt are perfectly acceptable almost everywhere. Bars typically stay open until around 2:00 AM or 3:00 AM on weekends, though kitchen hours may end earlier. Prices are generally lower than in major metropolitan areas, making a night out quite affordable. While the crowd is mostly local, visitors are greeted with genuine hospitality.

If you prefer cultural entertainment over bar-hopping, the historic Smoot Theatre on Fifth Street offers a sophisticated alternative. This restored vaudeville house hosts evening concerts, comedy shows, and theatrical performances throughout the year. It is an excellent venue for those looking to enjoy the arts in a beautiful, atmospheric setting.

Regarding safety and transportation, Parkersburg is generally safe for night walks in well-lit main districts like Market Street. However, as in any city, it is advisable to stay aware of your surroundings. Public transportation is limited at night, and while ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft operate in the area, wait times can be longer than expected. It is highly recommended to have a designated driver or arrange a local taxi service in advance if you plan to stay out late.

While the city is quieter than a bustling metropolis, the combination of live local music, craft beverages, and a warm community feel ensures a pleasant evening. After spending the day exploring museums or Blennerhassett Island, settling into a booth at a local tavern is the perfect way to cap off your Parkersburg experience.

Parks & Museums

Parkersburg seamlessly blends natural beauty with a profound sense of history, offering visitors a variety of green spaces and cultural institutions. Whether you are looking to explore the scenic river valley or delve into the region’s industrial and social past, the city’s parks and museums provide enriching experiences for all ages.

For nature lovers and history buffs alike, Blennerhassett Island Historical State Park is the city's premier destination. Located on an island in the Ohio River, it is accessible via a charming sternwheeler riverboat ride from Point Park. Once on the island, visitors can enjoy horse-drawn wagon rides, hike through walnut groves, or tour the reconstructed Palladian mansion. It is a unique park that combines outdoor recreation with an immersive journey into the 18th century.

Another standout green space is Fort Boreman Park, situated on a hilltop overlooking the confluence of the Ohio and Little Kanawha Rivers. This site offers the most spectacular panoramic views in the city, making it a favorite spot for photographers and sunset watchers. Beyond its scenic appeal, the park features partially reconstructed Civil War trenches and interpretive signage that explains its strategic importance during the conflict.

Point Park serves as the city’s front porch to the river. Located downtown, this well-maintained area features an amphitheater that hosts summer concert series and serves as the docking point for riverboats. Its paved walking paths and gentle river breezes make it an excellent location for a leisurely evening stroll or a family picnic right by the water's edge.

When it comes to culture, the Blennerhassett Museum of Regional History is an essential stop. Located in the downtown district, it houses a vast collection of archaeological and historical artifacts, ranging from prehistoric tools to items belonging to the Blennerhassett family. It provides crucial context for the island visit and offers a deep dive into the diverse heritage of the Mid-Ohio Valley.

The Oil & Gas Museum tells the story of how West Virginia helped drive the industrial revolution. Parkersburg was a central hub for the early petroleum industry, and this museum showcases fascinating exhibits on the extraction and processing of oil and gas. The outdoor display of massive, antique engines and machinery is particularly impressive for those interested in industrial technology and engineering.

For art enthusiasts, the Parkersburg Art Center is a vibrant cultural hub. It features five distinct gallery spaces that host rotating exhibitions of works by local, regional, and national artists. The center plays a vital role in the community, offering workshops and events that celebrate creativity in various forms, from painting to sculpture.

In addition to these venues, the Julia-Ann Square Historic District serves as an open-air museum of architecture. As the largest and oldest residential historic district in the state, it boasts over 120 homes built between 1850 and 1910. Walking tours here allow visitors to admire stunning examples of Victorian, Second Empire, and Queen Anne architecture, complete with manicured gardens and ornate detailing.

For a quieter, more secluded experience, consider visiting the McDonough Wildlife Refuge. Located just outside the main city center, this 277-acre nature preserve offers miles of hiking trails through wetlands and forests, providing a perfect escape for birdwatchers and hikers seeking solitude away from the urban environment.

Getting Around

Public transportation in Parkersburg is primarily served by the Mid-Ohio Valley Transit Authority (MOVTA), locally known as the "Easy Rider." While the city does not have a metro, tram, or trolleybus system, the bus network provides a reliable and affordable way to navigate the main areas, including downtown, major shopping centers, and the neighboring community of Vienna. The buses are distinctively marked and offer a practical solution for getting around the core urban area during daylight hours.

The payment system is traditional and straightforward. Fares are low-cost and must be paid in cash upon boarding. It is strictly required to have exact change, as drivers are not equipped to provide change for larger bills. For visitors planning an extended stay or frequent travel, multi-ride ticket books and monthly passes are available. These can be purchased at the central Transit Center, which acts as the main transfer hub for all routes.

For tourists, planning ahead is key when using the public transit system. The "Easy Rider" buses typically operate from Monday through Saturday, with service starting in the early morning and ending in the evening. It is important to note that there is generally no service on Sundays or major holidays. Visitors should check the current schedules at the Transit Center or online to ensure their itinerary aligns with the operating hours.

Given the schedule limitations, renting a car remains the most popular and flexible choice for exploring the wider region. For those without a vehicle, taxi services are available, and ride-sharing apps like Uber and Lyft operate within the city limits, though wait times may vary compared to larger metropolitan hubs. In the downtown area and the Julia-Ann Square Historic District, walking is a viable and pleasant alternative, as many attractions are located within a reasonable distance of each other.

A unique and historic form of transport worth noting is the Island Belle Sternwheeler. While it functions primarily as a tourist vessel, it is the exclusive means of transportation to reach Blennerhassett Island Historical State Park. Departing from Point Park, this riverboat operates seasonally and offers a scenic, nostalgic journey across the river, effectively serving as a passenger ferry to one of the city's most important landmarks.

Accommodation

Finding the right place to stay in Parkersburg is straightforward, as the city offers a welcoming mix of accommodation options that cater to different tastes and budgets. Whether you are looking for the charm of a historic property, the reliability of a well-known national chain, or a budget-friendly motel, the Mid-Ohio Valley provides ample choices. The hospitality here is genuine, often reflecting the friendly, small-town atmosphere of the region.

For travelers seeking convenience and easy access to the highway, the areas along Emerson Avenue and the corridors near Interstate 77 and Route 50 are the most popular. These districts are home to the majority of modern hotels and motels, placing guests close to shopping centers, restaurants, and the Grand Central Mall in nearby Vienna. Staying here is practical for those with a car, as it allows for quick travel to both downtown attractions and the surrounding countryside.

If you prefer a stay with more character and history, the Downtown district is the place to be. This area allows you to be within walking distance of the government buildings, the Julia-Ann Square Historic District, and the riverfront. The crown jewel of downtown accommodation is undoubtedly the Blennerhassett Hotel. Built in the late 19th century, this landmark property offers a luxurious, European-style experience and is a favorite for those celebrating special occasions or seeking a touch of Victorian elegance.

In terms of pricing, Parkersburg is generally an affordable destination compared to larger metropolitan areas. Most accommodations fall into the budget to mid-range category, making it an economical stop for families and road trippers. Standard amenities like free parking and Wi-Fi are common across most establishments. Booking is typically easy through major online platforms, though calling smaller motels directly can sometimes yield better rates.

Booking Tip: While room availability is usually good throughout the year, the city can fill up quickly during major local events, such as the Parkersburg Homecoming Festival in late summer or during peak fall foliage season. If your trip coincides with these times, it is highly recommended to reserve your room several weeks in advance to secure your preferred location.

Nearby Cities

Parkersburg serves as an excellent gateway to the Mid-Ohio Valley and the broader landscapes of West Virginia. Its location along the river and major highways makes it a convenient base for travelers wishing to explore the region. Several interesting communities are located within a reasonable driving distance, each offering its own unique slice of Appalachian history, culture, and small-town charm.

For those planning a day trip or looking to extend their journey, here is a list of nearby cities that are easily accessible by car:

City Name Distance (km)
Glenville 72
Weston 98
Clay 98
Clarksburg 105
Wheeling 114

One of the most popular destinations to the north is Wheeling. Known for its rich industrial past, it was the first capital of the state and features the historic Wheeling Suspension Bridge. Visitors can explore Oglebay Park or enjoy entertainment at the local theatre. To the southeast lies Weston, a town famous for the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum, a massive Gothic stone structure that offers heritage tours, as well as the Museum of American Glass.

Traveling east brings you to Clarksburg, a city with a vibrant history and a strong Italian-American heritage, often celebrated through local festivals. For a quieter experience, the smaller communities of Glenville and Clay provide a glimpse into the rural life of the region, surrounded by the natural beauty of the West Virginia hills. These destinations are perfect for travelers seeking to discover the hidden gems of the Mountain State.

Shopping & Souvenirs

Shopping in Parkersburg offers a pleasant mix of historic charm and modern convenience, reflecting the laid-back atmosphere of the Mid-Ohio Valley. While it may not be a bustling fashion capital, the city provides a satisfying retail experience ranging from antique hunting in the downtown district to browsing contemporary brands in large commercial centers. Visitors will find that the shopping scene here is less about high-end luxury and more about discovering unique local crafts, vintage treasures, and friendly, personalized service.

The heart of the local shopping experience can be found in Downtown Parkersburg, particularly along Market Street. This area is perfect for those who enjoy strolling past Victorian architecture while popping into independent boutiques and specialty stores. It is especially known for its antique shops, where you can find rare collectibles and pieces of history from the region's prosperous industrial past. For a more modern retail fix, the corridor along Grand Central Avenue (Route 14), which stretches north into the neighboring community of Vienna, serves as the primary commercial artery, lined with familiar national chains, restaurants, and big-box stores.

For a comprehensive shopping trip under one roof, the Grand Central Mall is the premier destination in the area. Located just a few minutes north of the city limits in Vienna, it serves as the regional hub for fashion and entertainment. The mall features a wide array of department stores, apparel retailers, and specialty kiosks, along with a food court and a cinema. It is the go-to spot for locals and visitors alike who need to purchase clothing, electronics, or travel essentials in a climate-controlled environment.

While Parkersburg does not have a massive permanent bazaar, the local market culture is vibrant, particularly during the warmer months. The Parkersburg Farmers Market is a seasonal highlight, typically operating in designated locations such as church parking lots or near the mall. Here, travelers can buy fresh local produce, honey, jams, and handmade crafts directly from West Virginia farmers. Additionally, the downtown area often hosts street fairs and pop-up markets during festivals, offering everything from artisan jewelry to homemade baked goods.

When it comes to souvenirs, there are several distinctively local items to look for. Parkersburg is the home of Mister Bee Potato Chips, the only potato chip manufacturer in West Virginia; grabbing a bag is a tasty and iconic way to remember your trip. The region is also famous for its glassmaking heritage, so keep an eye out for vintage Fenton Art Glass in local antique stores. For a sweet treat, chocolates from Holl’s Chocolates, a renowned Swiss chocolatier located nearby, make for an exquisite gift. Don't forget to pick up a few pepperoni rolls, the state's beloved snack, from a local bakery.

Store opening hours in Parkersburg generally follow standard American schedules. The Grand Central Mall and major chain stores are typically open from 10:00 AM to 9:00 PM Monday through Saturday, with reduced hours on Sundays (often 12:00 PM to 6:00 PM). Downtown boutiques and independent shops often operate on a more limited schedule, usually opening around 9:00 AM or 10:00 AM and closing by 5:00 PM; many may be closed on Sundays. Payment is easy, with major credit and debit cards (Visa, MasterCard, Amex) accepted almost everywhere, though carrying a small amount of cash is recommended for small purchases at farmers markets or festivals.

Travelers should be aware that the United States does not have a VAT refund system for international tourists like many European countries. In West Virginia, a state sales tax (plus potential local taxes) is added to the price of most taxable goods at the register. Therefore, the price you see on the tag will be lower than the final amount paid, and there is no mechanism to claim this tax back upon departure.

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