Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a land of contrasts and ancient mysteries, located in the very heart of Central Asia. It entices travellers with the vast expanses of the Karakum Desert, a unique cultural heritage, and modern architectural wonders. The heart of the country is its capital, the dazzling Ashgabat, renowned for its marble architecture, wide avenues, and numerous fountains that create an oasis in the middle of the desert.

Turkmenistan's history is rooted in deep antiquity. The routes of the Great Silk Road once passed through its lands, leaving behind the ruins of majestic cities and fortresses. By visiting ancient settlements such as Kunya-Urgench, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, you can connect with the rich past of this region. Turkmen culture, with its deep Islamic roots, is famous for its hospitality, traditional crafts—especially carpet weaving—and unique customs passed down through generations.

In addition to its historical treasures, Turkmenistan also offers impressive natural landscapes dominated by the majestic Karakum Desert. The climate is sharply continental, with hot summers and cool winters. Against the backdrop of ancient traditions, modern architectural masterpieces stand out, such as the magnificent Ertugrul Gazi Mosque in Ashgabat. This splendid mosque, which can accommodate up to 5,000 worshippers, is a prominent symbol of the nation's Islamic heritage and features a design reminiscent of Istanbul's Blue Mosque. A journey to Turkmenistan promises to be an unforgettable experience, full of discoveries and vivid impressions.

The national currency of Turkmenistan is the Turkmenistan Manat (TMT). Manat banknotes feature images of prominent figures from Turkmen history and culture, as well as the country's architectural monuments. It is advisable to exchange currency at official banks or exchange points, as using unofficial money changers is illegal and carries significant risk. For travellers, US dollars in good condition are the most preferred currency for exchange.

The use of credit cards in Turkmenistan is limited. They might be accepted in major hotels, some restaurants, and shops in the capital, Ashgabat, but should not be relied upon. Outside the capital and at smaller establishments, card payments are generally not an option. ATMs are also uncommon, and many do not accept foreign cards. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to carry a sufficient amount of cash in US dollars to cover your daily expenses throughout your trip.

Travellers from the UAE, including citizens and residents, require a visa to visit Turkmenistan. All travellers must obtain a tourist or transit visa before their trip. The process involves first getting a Letter of Invitation (LOI) which is approved by the authorities in Turkmenistan. This invitation is typically arranged through an accredited tour agency as part of a tour package.

To enter the country, you will need a valid passport with a validity that extends beyond your planned departure date. The approved LOI is also essential, and you may be able to get a visa on arrival at Ashgabat International Airport or certain land borders once you have it. It is also recommended to have return tickets, proof of accommodation, and medical insurance. As visa regulations can change, it is highly recommended to check the most current information with the Embassy of Turkmenistan in Abu Dhabi or an accredited travel agency well in advance of your travel plans.

The country's official time zone is UTC+5 (Coordinated Universal Time +5 hours), also known as TMT (Turkmenistan Time). This means the local time is one hour ahead of the UAE, which observes Gulf Standard Time (UTC+4). This consistency simplifies planning travel and activities, as you will not need to adjust your watch when moving from one region to another.

The primary way to reach Turkmenistan is by air. The country has several international airports, with the main gateway being Ashgabat International Airport in the capital, Ashgabat. For travellers from the UAE, direct flights are regularly operated from Dubai. For those travelling from other parts of the world, convenient connecting flights are available through major international hubs.

Besides air travel, it is also possible to enter Turkmenistan by land via its borders with neighbouring countries. However, international train and bus services can be limited, so it is essential to check the latest information before your trip. Entry by sea via the Caspian Sea, for instance to the port of Turkmenbashi, is also an option but is less common for tourists compared to flying. In any case, it is advisable to plan your journey and book tickets well in advance, especially during the peak tourist season, to secure the most convenient and cost-effective options.

For your reference, here is a summary of the country's main international airports:

Turkmenistan offers travellers an introduction to a unique blend of ancient history, distinctive culture, and impressive modern architecture. The country's cities are diverse and each is interesting in its own way, from bustling capitals to ancient centres of civilisation.

The heart of Turkmenistan is undoubtedly its capital, Ashgabat. This city is known for its grand, white-marble buildings, wide avenues, numerous fountains, and monuments that reflect the country's modern development and its rich cultural heritage. Ashgabat is the centre of business and cultural life, offering tourists modern hotels, museums, and theatres.

For those interested in history and eager to connect with ancient civilisations, a mandatory visit is the city of Mary, which serves as the starting point for exploring the ruins of ancient Merv—one of the most important cities on the Great Silk Road. No less significant is Kunya-Urgench, the former capital of the Khorezm state, where impressive architectural monuments, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, have been preserved. If you are drawn to the Caspian Sea, then the city of Turkmenbashi is worth your attention. This port city is also actively developing as a tourist destination, offering opportunities for a seaside holiday.

Turkmenistan is a land of contrasts, where ancient monuments stand alongside ultra-modern architecture, and desert landscapes give way to oases. A journey here promises a wealth of discoveries. Among the main attractions that should not be missed are both historical shrines and sites that reflect the contemporary way of life.

One of the jewels of the capital, Ashgabat, is the magnificent Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque. It is one of the most beautiful Islamic structures in Central Asia, built in a Turkish style that is reminiscent of the famous Blue Mosque in Istanbul. The mosque impresses with its grand scale, four pristine white minarets, and a lavish interior featuring intricate ornamentation. A visit to the mosque offers a chance to connect with the country's spiritual culture. To respect the sanctity of this active place of worship, visitors are advised to dress modestly, ensuring shoulders and knees are covered; women are also required to cover their heads.

Beyond its historical and cultural sites, Turkmenistan also offers modern leisure activities. For example, in the city of Mary, a popular evening pastime is visiting a local karaoke lounge. These venues are places where you can not only showcase your vocal talents but also experience the warm atmosphere of Turkmen hospitality, relax with friends, and meet local residents. Such establishments reflect the modern side of life in Turkmenistan's cities.

The best time to travel to Turkmenistan is during the spring (April–May) and autumn (September–October). These periods offer the most comfortable weather: warm but not exhaustingly hot, with plenty of sunny days. These are ideal conditions for exploring the country's numerous historical monuments, such as the ancient city of Kunya-Urgench and the ruins of Merv (near the modern city of Mary), as well as discovering the capital, Ashgabat. While the high season provides excellent weather for sightseeing and outdoor activities, it is worth noting that there may be more tourists during this time.

The summer months (June–August) in Turkmenistan are characterised by extremely high temperatures, which can reach up to 50°C, especially in the Karakum Desert. This can make travelling quite strenuous. Winter (from November to March) brings cooler weather, with the possibility of frost and snow in the northern regions and foothills. Although there are significantly fewer tourists and prices for some services may be lower during the low season, the weather conditions can limit opportunities for exploring the country, particularly for visiting remote attractions.

When planning your trip, it is worth paying attention to local festivals, which can make your journey even more colourful. For example, Nowruz (the Persian New Year) is widely celebrated in March, marking the arrival of spring. In April, the vibrant Day of the Turkmen Horse honours the famous Akhal-Teke breed. As Turkmenistan is a Muslim-majority country, finding halal food is generally straightforward, particularly in larger cities. The climate is predominantly desert, but for trips to mountainous areas or the Caspian Sea coast, for instance to Turkmenbashi, it is advisable to check the specific weather forecast for that region.

Turkmen culture is deeply rooted in traditions of respect and hospitality. When communicating, it is important to show respect for elders. Men typically greet each other with a handshake, while a polite nod is the more common greeting for women. Eye contact is appropriate but should not be overly intense. Hospitality in Turkmenistan is not merely a formality but one of the nation's core values. An invitation to someone's home is considered a great honour and should be graciously accepted. A small gift for the hosts, such as sweets or a souvenir from your country, is a thoughtful gesture.

When visiting Turkmenistan, particularly outside the capital, Ashgabat, it is advisable to adopt a modest style of dress. Women are advised to cover their shoulders and knees, and to cover their heads with a scarf when entering mosques and other religious sites. Men should also opt for long trousers and shirts or T-shirts with sleeves, especially in public places and when visiting sacred sites. At the table, it is customary to take and pass food and drinks with your right hand. Special reverence in Turkmen culture is given to bread, known as 'chorek'; it should never be placed on the floor, turned upside down, or thrown.

One of the most significant and colourful festivals, offering a deeper insight into the soul of the nation, is Nowruz Bayram. Celebrated on the day of the spring equinox, it symbolises the renewal of nature and the beginning of a new life, accompanied by public festivities, traditional games, and the preparation of special dishes. To ensure your journey is a positive experience, always show respect for local customs: do not photograph people without their prior permission, remove your shoes when entering a private home or mosque, and avoid loud behaviour or public displays of strong emotion. This considerate and respectful approach to the culture will be highly appreciated by local residents.

Turkmenistan offers travellers a unique blend of ancient history, distinctive culture, and unparalleled natural landscapes, which is reflected in its available entertainment. The cultural programme can be very rich: the nation's capital, Ashgabat, and other major cities are home to national museums with extensive archaeological collections that tell the story of the Great Silk Road and ancient civilisations such as Merv and Nisa. Theatres and concert halls introduce audiences to traditional musical arts, opera, ballet, and colourful folklore performances, allowing for a deeper immersion into the local culture. When visiting cultural and religious sites, a modest dress code is recommended as a sign of respect.

For enthusiasts of outdoor activities and nature, Turkmenistan provides opportunities to explore its unique territories. Although the country is not a major centre for extreme sports, you can embark on fascinating hikes through the picturesque foothills of the Kopetdag mountains or organise an expedition into the mysterious Karakum Desert. A key highlight is seeing natural phenomena like the Darvaza gas crater, often called the 'Door to Hell'. On the coast of the Caspian Sea, near the city of Turkmenbashi, you can enjoy a more tranquil retreat by the water with leisurely strolls along the shore.

Shopping in Turkmenistan is, first and foremost, an immersion into the atmosphere of oriental bazaars, where the greatest treasures and most desired souvenirs are the world-renowned handmade Turkmen carpets, which are striking in their complexity of patterns and quality. Traditional silver jewellery, national clothing with intricate embroidery, silk fabrics, and skullcaps (tahya) are also popular. Evening entertainment is mainly found in the numerous restaurants offering national cuisine, especially in Ashgabat, where halal options are widely available. Nightlife, in the European sense, is not as developed here, but in the capital, you can find cosy cafés and a few bars for a quiet end to the day. For families with children, strolls through the well-kept parks and public gardens, where prayer facilities are often accessible, are an excellent option.

Planning a trip? Wonderful! To ensure the financial aspects of your journey do not come as a surprise, it is important to remember that currency exchange rates are constantly changing. Therefore, we strongly advise you to monitor the latest rates both before your departure and throughout your trip. For this, you can use the data provided below — we monitor currency rates 24/7 and aim to provide the most up-to-date information.