Friedrichshafen

Friedrichshafen is a captivating destination located on the northern shore of Lake Constance (Bodensee). Known for its significant role in aviation history and its stunning lakeside setting, this city in southern Germany offers a unique blend of technological heritage and natural beauty. With a population of approximately 61,500 residents, it serves as a lively hub in the Baden-Württemberg region, providing visitors with a relaxed yet culturally rich atmosphere.

The history of Friedrichshafen is famously linked to the development of the Zeppelin airship, earning it the nickname "Zeppelin City." This industrial legacy is celebrated throughout the town, contrasting fascinatingly with the scenic views of the Swiss and Austrian Alps visible across the shimmering lake. The climate here is generally mild, influenced by the large body of water, making it a pleasant destination for outdoor activities during the warmer months.

Travelers are drawn to the city's remarkable museums, particularly the Zeppelin Museum located right on the harbor, which houses the world's largest collection on airship history. Another highlight is the picturesque Lake Promenade, one of the longest and most beautiful on Lake Constance, perfect for leisurely strolls, dining at cafes, or simply admiring the panoramic alpine views. For those interested in aerospace, the Dornier Museum is another must-visit attraction showcasing a century of aviation and space travel.

Whether you are an aviation enthusiast, a nature lover, or simply seeking a peaceful retreat by the water, Friedrichshafen has something to offer. Its strategic location also makes it an excellent starting point for exploring the wider Lake Constance region. A visit to this dynamic city promises a memorable experience filled with discovery and relaxation.

Friedrichshafen experiences a temperate climate that is often moderated by its location on the shores of Lake Constance. The summer months of June, July, and August are the warmest, with average temperatures ranging from 18.6°C to 19.8°C and daily highs reaching up to 23.8°C. However, this season is also quite damp, with approximately 15 to 17 wet days per month, so keeping rain gear handy is recommended while exploring the lakeside.

In contrast, the winter season is cold, with January seeing the lowest average temperature of 1.4°C and minimums dipping to -1.1°C. For those planning a trip, checking the detailed weather in Friedrichshafen can help you pack appropriately for the conditions. Spring and autumn offer a milder transition, with temperatures climbing to an average of 13.3°C in May and gradually cooling down to 5.5°C by November.

Overall, you can expect warm summers with occasional rain and cold winters where temperatures frequently hover near freezing. Precipitation is a consistent factor throughout the year, with wet days ranging from 12 to 18 days per month, ensuring the region remains lush and green.

• A Private Royal Residence: The striking Baroque palace, known as the Schloss Friedrichshafen, dominates the waterfront but remains shrouded in exclusivity. It serves as the private residence of the Duke of Württemberg, meaning the castle itself is closed to the public, although visitors are welcome to explore the magnificent adjacent Palace Church.

• A Museum in a Station: The world-famous Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen is not housed in just any building, but in the historic Hafenbahnhof (Harbor Station). This structure is a celebrated example of Bauhaus-influenced architecture and was originally a key transport hub where trains transitioned directly to ferries crossing the lake.

• A Three-Country Panorama: Climbing the Moleturm offers more than just a view of the lake; due to the city's strategic location, you can simultaneously gaze upon the shores and alpine peaks of three different countries—Germany, Austria, and Switzerland—from a single vantage point.

• Global Radio Capital: While known for aviation, the city is also a surprisingly significant hub for communication technology. Every year, it hosts "Ham Radio," Europe’s largest exhibition for amateur radio enthusiasts, drawing thousands of visitors from around the globe to celebrate the art of wireless communication.

Reaching this lakeside city is straightforward thanks to its central location in Europe and excellent transport connections. Whether you prefer flying or taking the train, there are several convenient options to suit your travel plans. You can find all ways to reach the city in our detailed guide, but here is an overview of the main transport hubs nearby.

For those arriving by air, the most convenient option is the local Friedrichshafen Airport (IATA: FDH), situated directly in Friedrichshafen, just 2.9 km from the city center. A taxi or bus from here takes only a few minutes. Travelers looking for more international flight connections often choose Zurich Airport (IATA: ZRH) in the city of Zurich, which is approximately 71.8 km away. Alternatively, Stuttgart Airport (IATA: STR) located in Stuttgart is another major gateway, though it is further afield at roughly 116.7 km from Friedrichshafen.

For clarity, here is a summary of the main airports:

If you prefer traveling by rail, the region is well-served by major train lines. While Friedrichshafen itself does not host a massive international rail hub, it is easily accessible via connecting trains from larger cities. You can arrive at Zürich Hauptbahnhof in Zurich (approx. 76.2 km away) or Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof in Stuttgart (approx. 127.1 km away). From either of these major stations, regular and comfortable connecting train services run directly to Friedrichshafen Stadt station, offering a scenic journey along the way.

Below is a list of the nearest major railway stations:

Friedrichshafen offers a delightful mix of technological history and lakeside leisure, making it a versatile destination for all types of travelers. Whether you are fascinated by the golden age of airships or simply want to unwind by the water, the city's top sights are conveniently located and offer memorable experiences.

Undoubtedly the most famous attraction is the Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen. Situated in the historic harbor station, this world-class museum is dedicated to the history of rigid airships. The highlight for many visitors is the partial reconstruction of the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which allows you to walk through the passenger decks and experience the luxury of 1930s air travel firsthand. It is an essential stop for understanding the city's industrial heritage.

For those who prefer fresh air and scenic views, the Friedrichshafen Waterfront Promenade is the place to be. This beautifully landscaped path stretches along the shore of Lake Constance, offering stunning vistas of the Swiss Alps across the water. It is lined with inviting cafes, ice cream parlors, and restaurants, making it perfect for a relaxing stroll or a sunset dinner. The atmosphere here captures the true essence of a holiday on the Bodensee.

Another architectural gem along the lake is the Schlosssteg Bridge. This pedestrian walkway extends over the water, providing a unique vantage point for photography enthusiasts. From the bridge, you can enjoy an unobstructed view of the majestic Palace Church (Schlosskirche) and the bustling harbor. It is a particularly romantic spot in the evening when the city lights reflect on the calm surface of the lake.

If you are visiting during the warmer months, the Friedrichshafen Lido (Freibad Friedrichshafen) is a fantastic location for recreation. This outdoor swimming complex features direct access to the lake, heated pools, and spacious lawns for sunbathing. It is a favorite among families and locals looking to cool off and enjoy the pristine waters of Lake Constance in a safe and well-equipped environment.

The culinary scene in Friedrichshafen is a delicious meeting point between fresh lake produce and hearty Swabian traditions. Because of its prime location on the shores of Lake Constance (Bodensee), fish plays a central role in the local diet. The absolute signature dish you must try is the Bodenseefelchen (whitefish). This delicate fish is often caught fresh daily and served "Müllerin Art" (pan-fried in butter with almonds) or simply poached, accompanied by boiled potatoes and a side salad. It is a light yet flavorful meal that perfectly captures the essence of the region.

Beyond seafood, the city embraces the rich, comforting flavors typical of Baden-Württemberg. Meat lovers should look for Zwiebelrostbraten, a roast beef dish smothered in fried onions and gravy, usually served with Spätzle (egg noodles). Another local staple is Maultaschen, pasta dumplings filled with meat, spinach, and breadcrumbs, which can be eaten in a broth or fried with egg. For travelers seeking an authentic atmosphere to enjoy these regional specialties, Zum Klosterwirt is a notable establishment that offers a traditional dining experience.

The region is also famous for its beverages, benefiting from the fertile soil and mild lake climate. Lake Constance is a renowned wine-growing area, producing excellent white wines such as Müller-Thurgau and Pinot Blanc. If you prefer beer, you are in the land of hops; the nearby Tettnang region is world-famous for its hop cultivation, ensuring the local breweries serve high-quality lagers and wheat beers. For a non-alcoholic option, try an Apfelschorle made with cloudy apple juice from the vast orchards surrounding the city.

The food culture in Friedrichshafen is relaxed and often centered around the water. During the warmer months, the lakeside promenade transforms into a vibrant dining room where locals and tourists alike enjoy meals al fresco with views of the Alps. Whether you are looking for a quick snack at a street stall or a leisurely evening drink, the city offers plenty of variety. Venues like Cafe im Rathaus provide a welcoming setting to unwind after a day of sightseeing, reflecting the city's blend of modern hospitality and historic charm.

To ensure your visit to the "Zeppelin City" is as smooth as it is memorable, we have compiled a set of practical guidelines tailored to the local lifestyle. Whether you are here for the aviation history or the lakeside views, these tips will help you navigate Friedrichshafen like a pro.

1. Clothing and Gear: Since Friedrichshafen is located directly on Lake Constance, the weather can change quickly. Even in summer, a cool breeze often blows off the water, so it is wise to bring layers, such as a light windbreaker or sweater for the evenings. Comfortable walking shoes are essential for exploring the long promenade. If you are visiting from outside Europe, bring a standard Type F (Schuko) power adapter for your electronics.
2. Transportation: The city has an efficient public transport network managed by the "bodo" association, including buses and regional trains. However, one of the best ways to get around—and see the sights—is by water; ferries and catamarans connect you quickly to nearby towns like Konstanz. For local exploration, consider renting a bicycle, as the area is extremely bike-friendly with dedicated paths along the lake.
3. Finances: The local currency is the Euro (€). While credit cards (Visa and Mastercard) are widely accepted in hotels, museums, and larger restaurants, Germany still has a strong cash culture. Smaller bakeries, ice cream stalls, and kiosks often only accept cash, so keep some bills and coins on hand. ATMs are plentiful throughout the city center. Tipping is customary but modest; simply rounding up the bill or leaving 5-10% is considered polite.
4. Health and Safety: Friedrichshafen is a very safe city for tourists. Pharmacies are easily identifiable by a large red "A" (for Apotheke); they generally operate during standard shop hours, with a rotating schedule for emergency night services displayed on their doors. For general emergencies, dial 112. The tap water is of excellent quality and safe to drink.
5. Communication: The official language is German. In this southern region, you might hear the greeting "Grüß Gott" instead of the standard "Hallo." English is widely spoken in the tourism and hospitality sectors, so you will have no trouble at museums or hotels. Free Wi-Fi is available in many public areas and cafes, but for constant connectivity, you can purchase a prepaid SIM card at supermarkets or drugstores (passport required for registration).
6. Local Etiquette: Punctuality is highly valued, so try to be on time for tours or reservations. When entering a shop or restaurant, a friendly greeting is expected. Sundays are considered rest days in Germany; most shops, supermarkets, and pharmacies will be closed, although restaurants and museums usually remain open. Plan your shopping needs for Saturday.
7. What to Avoid: Do not walk in the designated bicycle lanes. Cyclists in Friedrichshafen are numerous and often move quite fast; obstructing the path is considered rude and can be dangerous. Also, avoid crossing the street at red lights, even if no cars are coming, as locals strictly adhere to traffic signals and may frown upon jaywalking, especially if children are present.
8. Additional Tip: If you are staying overnight in a hotel or holiday apartment, ask for the Echt Bodensee Card. This guest card is often provided free of charge by hosts and grants you free travel on buses and trains within the local transport association (bodo), as well as discounts on many attractions and leisure activities.

By keeping these practicalities in mind, you can focus entirely on enjoying the breathtaking alpine panoramas and the rich cultural heritage of the region. Have a wonderful and hassle-free stay in Friedrichshafen!

Entertainment in Friedrichshafen is defined by a relaxed and sophisticated atmosphere rather than wild partying. As a lakeside city, the nightlife naturally gravitates towards the water, where locals and visitors gather to enjoy the evening breeze and stunning views of the illuminated Alpine foothills. While you will not find a dense concentration of mega-clubs, the city offers a delightful selection of cocktail bars, rustic pubs, and cultural venues that ensure a memorable night out.

The heartbeat of the city's evening scene is undoubtedly the waterfront. The Friedrichshafen Waterfront Promenade remains vibrant well after sunset, with numerous cafes and bars transforming into lively meeting spots. This area is perfect for those who enjoy sipping a glass of local wine or a cocktail while watching the lights of the ferries reflect on Lake Constance. The dress code here is generally smart-casual; people tend to dress neatly but comfortably, fitting the resort-like vibe of the Bodensee.

For a more diverse entertainment experience under one roof, the Bodensee Center Friedrichshafen is a popular destination. Located slightly away from the shore, this complex serves as a major leisure hub, housing a large cinema, a bowling alley, and various dining options. It is an excellent choice for families or groups of friends looking for a fun activity-filled evening, especially if the weather is less than perfect.

If you prefer a venue with a mix of history and social buzz, the Cafe im Rathaus is a notable spot. Often categorized by its lively atmosphere, it serves as a central gathering place where you can enjoy drinks and conversation in a welcoming setting. For a quieter, more romantic end to the night, a walk to the Schlosssteg Bridge offers a serene environment. The bridge is beautifully lit at night, providing a magical vantage point to admire the silhouette of the Palace Church against the dark sky.

During the day, entertainment in Friedrichshafen takes on a cultural and educational tone. The city is famous for its museums, but there are also opportunities for lighter fun. The Graf-Zeppelin-Haus is the city's premier cultural center, hosting everything from theater performances and classical concerts to ballet and comedy shows. For those seeking outdoor thrills, the lake itself offers endless amusement, from paddleboarding to renting electric boats.

Friedrichshafen is generally very safe at night, and walking around the city center and promenade is secure even late in the evening. Public transport runs regularly, but services decrease in frequency after midnight. If you need to get back to your accommodation late, taxis are readily available at the main train station (Stadtbahnhof) or can be called by phone. Prices are metered and regulated, ensuring a fair rate for your journey.

Friedrichshafen seamlessly blends its industrial heritage with lush landscapes, offering visitors a rich tapestry of cultural venues and serene green spaces. While the city is world-famous for its aviation history, its parks and natural reserves provide a refreshing counterpoint, inviting travelers to explore the scenic beauty of the Lake Constance shoreline.

For nature lovers and those seeking relaxation, the Eriskircher Ried is a standout destination just on the outskirts of the city. As the largest nature reserve on the northern shore of Lake Constance, it is a haven for biodiversity, featuring extensive reed beds and floodplain forests. It is particularly enchanting in late spring when the wild Siberian irises bloom, transforming the meadows into a sea of blue. Closer to the city center, the Stadtgarten (City Garden) offers a manicured green retreat with old trees, monuments, and flower beds, perfect for a quiet break from sightseeing.

Another highlight for outdoor enthusiasts is the Friedrichshafen Lido. While primarily a swimming complex, its expansive lawns and direct lake access make it one of the most attractive open spaces in the city. It provides not only recreational facilities but also uninterrupted views of the lake and the Alps, serving as a popular gathering spot for both locals and tourists during the warmer months.

The city's cultural landscape is dominated by its world-class museums. The Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen is the cultural flagship, located in the Bauhaus-style harbor station. Beyond its famous airship collection, the museum also houses a significant art collection spanning five centuries, with a special focus on works by Otto Dix and other artists from the Lake Constance region. This unique combination of technology and fine art makes it a versatile destination for diverse interests.

Aviation history continues at the Dornier Museum, located near the airport. This architectural marvel, designed to resemble an aircraft hangar, showcases the pioneering spirit of Claude Dornier. Visitors can explore a vast array of aircraft, satellites, and aerospace technology, documenting a century of innovation. For a different perspective on history, the School Museum (Schulmuseum) offers a fascinating glimpse into the past of education, featuring reconstructed classrooms that vividly depict school life from previous centuries.

Architecturally, Friedrichshafen presents a mix of modern reconstruction and historic grandeur. The Palace Church (Schlosskirche) is a Baroque masterpiece with its two distinctive 55-meter-high towers made of Rorschach sandstone, serving as a landmark of the city. In contrast, the modern Schlosssteg Bridge represents contemporary design. This pedestrian bridge not only connects different parts of the waterfront but also serves as an architectural sculpture offering fantastic vantage points for photography.

For an authentic experience away from the main crowds, take a walk along the Rotach River path. This shaded trail leads from the lake inland through quiet residential areas and green corridors, offering a peaceful perspective of the city's local life. It is a favorite route for joggers and walkers seeking tranquility away from the busy promenade.

Friedrichshafen boasts a well-integrated and efficient public transport network that makes exploring the city and its surroundings effortless. The system is primarily based on a comprehensive bus network and regional trains, all coordinated under the local transport association known as "bodo." While there is no metro or tram system, the frequent bus services, known as the "Stadtbus," cover all major neighborhoods, the city center, and the airport, ensuring you can reach your destination comfortably.

A unique and vital component of the local transport infrastructure is the water connection. The high-speed Catamaran provides a regular and scenic shuttle service across the lake to Konstanz, functioning much like a bus on water. Additionally, the ferry service to Romanshorn operates year-round, accommodating both pedestrians and vehicles. These water routes are fully integrated into the daily commute of locals and offer a delightful travel experience for visitors.

For ticketing and payments, the city operates on a zone-based system. Travelers can purchase single-trip tickets, day passes, or group tickets that are valid on both buses and trains within selected zones. A highly recommended option for tourists staying overnight is the Echt Bodensee Card. This guest card is often provided free of charge by hotels and holiday rentals, granting complimentary unlimited travel on buses and trains within the entire bodo network, making it an incredible value for your stay.

If you are not eligible for the guest card, you can purchase tickets at the multilingual vending machines located at train stations and major bus stops. Tickets can also be bought directly from bus drivers, though it is advisable to have small change ready. For a modern and paperless experience, you can use the "bodo" app or the "DB Navigator" app to buy tickets digitally. Remember that if you buy a paper ticket from a machine that is not pre-dated, you must validate it in the stamping machines (usually orange or red) before boarding trains to avoid fines.

Beyond public transit, cycling is an extremely popular alternative in Friedrichshafen. The city is flat and features an extensive network of bicycle lanes, including the famous Lake Constance Cycle Path. Rental shops are plentiful near the harbor and the main train station. Taxis are also available and can be found at designated stands at the Friedrichshafen Stadt station and the airport, or booked via phone; they operate on a metered system and are a reliable choice for late-night travel when bus services may be less frequent.

A special feature of the city's transport history and function is the Hafenbahnhof (Harbor Station). It is one of the few train stations in the world where tracks end directly at the ferry docks, allowing for a seamless transition from rail to ship. This historic station is not only a transport hub but also houses the Zeppelin Museum, symbolizing the city's innovative spirit. Whether you arrive by rail, road, or water, navigating Friedrichshafen is a convenient and pleasant part of the travel experience.

Finding the right place to stay in Friedrichshafen is relatively straightforward, as the city offers a diverse array of accommodation options suited to various needs and budgets. As a popular tourist destination on Lake Constance and a busy trade fair city, the hospitality sector is well-developed. Visitors can choose from modern business hotels with full amenities, charming family-run guesthouses known as "Gasthöfe," and comfortable holiday apartments that offer a more home-like environment. For those who enjoy the outdoors, there are also well-maintained campsites located near the water, providing a budget-friendly and scenic alternative.

The most convenient area for tourists is undoubtedly the city center (Stadtmitte) and the immediate vicinity of the harbor. Staying here places you within walking distance of the main attractions, the lakeside promenade, and the central transport hubs like the Stadtbahnhof and the ferry docks. This location is ideal for those who want to be in the heart of the action, with easy access to restaurants and boat trips. Alternatively, the district of Fischbach to the west offers a quieter, more residential atmosphere while still being well-connected by bus and train, making it a good choice for travelers seeking relaxation away from the bustle.

When planning your trip, it is crucial to consider the timing of your visit. Friedrichshafen is home to a large exhibition center (Messe Friedrichshafen), and during major international trade fairs, accommodation prices can spike, and rooms fill up months in advance. Similarly, the summer months of July and August are peak tourist season. Therefore, a key booking tip is to reserve your accommodation as early as possible—ideally several months ahead—if you plan to visit during the summer holidays or major events.

In terms of pricing, the city generally leans towards a mid-range to premium bracket, especially for properties with lake views. However, budget-conscious travelers can still find affordable options, particularly if they are willing to stay slightly further from the shore or choose smaller pensions. Booking is easily done through major online platforms, though contacting smaller guesthouses directly can sometimes yield better rates or more personalized service. Whether you prefer the luxury of a lakeside hotel or the independence of a rental apartment, Friedrichshafen provides a welcoming base for exploring the Bodensee region.

Friedrichshafen’s central location on the northern shore of Lake Constance makes it an ideal base for exploring the surrounding region. Within a short distance, you can discover a variety of fascinating towns, ranging from medieval trading centers to picturesque island cities. Whether you are interested in history, architecture, or simply enjoying the lakeside atmosphere, these nearby destinations offer rewarding day trips.

• Ravensburg (approx. 18 km away)
  Known as the "City of Towers and Gates," Ravensburg is a historic trading center located just a short drive inland. With a population of around 50,900, it preserves a stunning medieval old town filled with well-preserved fortifications and merchant houses. It is also famous worldwide for its puzzle and game production, making it a playful and culturally rich destination.

• Lindau (approx. 21 km away)
  Situated on an island in the eastern part of the lake, Lindau is renowned for its Bavarian charm and one of the most beautiful harbor entrances in the world, guarded by a stone lion and a lighthouse. This town of about 25,500 residents features winding cobblestone streets, gabled houses, and spectacular views of the Alps, creating a romantic setting for visitors.

• Constance (approx. 22 km away)
  As the largest city on Lake Constance with over 84,700 inhabitants, Constance (Konstanz) blends medieval history with a vibrant university atmosphere. Located near the Swiss border, it is famous for the historic Council of Constance and the satirical "Imperia" statue at the harbor. It is easily accessible by a scenic catamaran ride directly from Friedrichshafen.

• Wangen im Allgäu (approx. 28 km away)
  Often called the "City of Fountains," Wangen is a picturesque town in the Allgäu region with a population of about 26,900. It captivates visitors with its colorful gothic and baroque facades, historic city gates, and a relaxed ambiance that invites you to stroll through its beautifully preserved streets.

• Radolfzell am Bodensee (approx. 39 km away)
  Located on the Zeller See, a quieter arm of the lake, this town of roughly 31,500 people is a haven for nature lovers. It is known for the Mettnau peninsula, a large nature reserve that serves as a sanctuary for waterfowl. Radolfzell offers a peaceful retreat with a lovely old town and a long, accessible waterfront.

These cities are well-connected by regional trains, buses, and boat services, allowing you to easily expand your itinerary and experience the diverse culture and geography of the Bodensee area.

Shopping in Friedrichshafen offers a relaxed and pleasant experience, combining modern convenience with the charm of a lakeside city. While it may not be a sprawling fashion metropolis, the city provides a well-rounded selection of retail options, ranging from international high-street brands to smaller, owner-managed boutiques. Visitors can enjoy browsing for clothes, books, and regional specialties within a compact and walkable area, often just a stone's throw from the scenic harbor.

The heart of the shopping action is found in the pedestrian zone within the city center, particularly along the Wilhelmstraße and its side streets. This bustling area is lined with department stores, fashion chains, and shoe shops, making it the primary destination for a leisurely shopping spree. The pedestrianized layout allows for a stress-free stroll, with plenty of cafes nearby to take a break and enjoy a coffee while watching the world go by.

For a more comprehensive shopping experience under one roof, the Bodensee Center Friedrichshafen is the city's main shopping mall. Located a short distance from the center, it features a wide variety of stores, including large supermarkets, electronics retailers, and fashion outlets. It is a practical stop for tourists who need to pick up travel essentials, groceries, or simply want to explore a diverse range of shops in a modern, climate-controlled environment.

To get a taste of local life, a visit to the weekly market (Wochenmarkt) is highly recommended. Held regularly on the Adenauerplatz, usually on Fridays, this market is a feast for the senses. Here, local farmers from the Lake Constance region sell fresh seasonal fruit, vegetables, flowers, and artisanal cheeses. It is the perfect place to buy fresh apples—a famous product of the region—or to sample local snacks in an authentic atmosphere.

When it comes to souvenirs, Friedrichshafen has several unique options that reflect its heritage. Due to the city's history, Zeppelin-themed items are very popular; you can find model airships, books, and branded memorabilia, particularly in the museum shops. Additionally, the Lake Constance region is renowned for its orchards and vineyards, so a bottle of local Lake Constance wine (Bodenseewein) or a high-quality fruit brandy (Obstler) makes for an excellent gift to take home.

Store opening hours generally follow standard German practice. Most shops in the city center are open from Monday to Saturday, typically starting around 9:00 AM or 10:00 AM and closing between 6:00 PM and 8:00 PM. Smaller boutiques may close earlier on Saturdays. It is important to remember that, with very few exceptions (like bakeries or shops in the train station), nearly all retail stores are closed on Sundays.

Payment methods are modernized, but cash is still useful to have. While department stores, supermarkets, and the Bodensee Center widely accept major credit and debit cards (Visa, Mastercard), smaller independent shops, market stalls, and some cafes may prefer or only accept cash. For visitors from outside the European Union, tax-free shopping is often available in larger stores; look for the "Global Blue" or "Tax Free" signage in the window and ask for a refund form at the checkout if your purchase exceeds the minimum amount.